雅鲁藏布河谷水汽通道效应分析及开发设想     

张天义  邢永强  张璋  赵鸿燕  曹希强 《地域研究与开发》2009,28(1)

印度洋板块与欧亚板块的俯冲碰撞造就了横亘欧亚大陆南部边缘的阿尔卑斯-喜马拉雅造山带,喜马拉雅山脉的拔地而起成为印度洋暖湿气团北进青藏高原的屏障,加强了印度、孟加拉地区高强度的降水过程,导致经向河流的溯源和袭夺,并切穿喜马拉雅山主峰山脊逼近雅鲁藏布峡谷,举世瞩目的"大拐弯"就是布拉马普特拉河溯源、袭夺雅鲁藏布江所致.如今,这些经向河流峡谷成为暖湿气流北移的通道.经研究认为,应用地质规律进行人工干预,有利于青藏高原生态环境的改善.  相似文献   

流量沿程变化的不平衡输沙含沙量过程预报方法   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

秦毅  凌燕  张静  钱云平  徐建华 《地理科学进展》2009,28(4):553-557

本文从水沙运动机理出发,将简化的一维不平衡输沙模型与假定河道水量调节为线性水库式调节前提下推导出的河道流量沿程变化模型相结合,建立了冲积性河流含沙量过程预报模型。并利用花园口—夹河滩河段以及龙门—潼关河段水沙资料对模型的模拟效果进行了检验。结果表明,由于模型考虑了流量沿河道纵向上的变化,而使模型的模拟预报效果较单一的一维恒定均匀流不平衡输沙模型有明显改善,含沙量模拟预报效果较满意。  相似文献   

“东川型”排导槽结构对泥石流流速影响的实验研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

黄海  马东涛  王显林 《山地学报》2009,27(5)

消能肋槛和排导槽纵比降是控制"东川型"泥石流排导槽内流体运动的两个关键因素.泥石流流速是反映排导槽工程输移力及对排导槽的冲刷淤积破坏的重要参数之一.通过实验,对固定配比的泥石流流体在不同的肋槛组合下的排导槽中的流速进行了研究,结果表明:(1)肋槛间距从40 cm增加至60 cm时,泥石流流速先增加后减少,在间距50 cm时达到最大值;(2)肋槛高度对泥石流流速的影响非常复杂,在不同的肋槛间距和纵比降下表现不同的相关关系;(3)纵比降对排导槽内的泥石流流体基本呈正相关;(4)得到了肋槛间距与肋槛高度之比值N与泥石流流速V之间关系的数学表达式:V=0.0341N+C,其中C为常量.  相似文献   

稠油油藏井间泥岩夹层对双水平井SAGD开发效果的影响     

唐帅  刘鹏程  潘莉莉  吴永彬  张金川 《现代地质》2016,30(2):388-393

为定量描述稠油油藏蒸汽辅助重力泄油(SAGD)开采过程中注采井间夹层对双水平井泄油通道与开发效果的影响,针对新疆油田A区块,利用CMG数值模拟软件建立了表征SAGD注采井间夹层的数值模拟模型,对注采井间存在不同大小、间距及物性夹层情况下的SAGD蒸汽腔发育形态与开发效果进行对比,得到了稠油油藏夹层非均质影响SAGD开发的临界特征参数。矿场实际的非均质SAGD井组夹层展布特征、蒸汽腔发育特征及生产效果对比结果表明,得到的结论与矿场实践一致,因此可用于指导并实现经济、高效的稠油油藏双水平井SAGD开发。  相似文献   

龙门山典型河流形态变化的潜在地震因素分析     

李建锋  刘锋  吴中海 《地质力学学报》2016,22(3):659-666

以岷江支流白沙河和涪江支流湔江为例,探讨了2008年汶川地震之后龙门山地区河流形态的变化及其可能的长期构造地貌效应。研究表明,2008年汶川地震地表破裂带穿越河流形成裂点（跌水）,地震触发的山体滑坡、泥石流堵塞河道形成堰塞湖,致使河流形态及河流水动力条件随之发生变化。河流同震裂点在震后迅速消失,部分河段出现“裁弯取直”的趋势,这可能与河流中激增的沉积通量有关。随着周期性大地震的复发,河流的沉积-侵蚀过程会不断改变,伴随着震间活动断裂持续的构造变形,龙门山河流形态可能会发生快速变化。   相似文献   

新疆伊犁盆地蒙其古尔地区下侏罗统三工河组沉积相及其与铀矿化的关系^*          下载免费PDF全文

陈奋雄  聂逢君  张成勇  张占峰 《古地理学报》2016,18(5):833-842

新疆伊犁盆地蒙其古尔矿床是近年来发现的大型砂岩型铀矿床。以下侏罗统三工河组为主要研究层位,通过岩性特征、沉积构造和沉积序列分析及露头描述和剖面对比,从沉积学的角度解释蒙其古尔矿区铀矿化的发育条件和成矿机制。研究认为,蒙其古尔地区三工河组以扇三角洲前缘沉积为主,水下分流河道、分流间湾、水下决口扇等为主要沉积微相类型,河口砂坝不发育。该沉积微相对研究区铀矿化的影响主要体现在4个方面:(1)砂体的连通性为成矿流体提供运移空间;(2)水下分流河道微相是控制氧化带发育及矿体富集程度的主要影响因素;(3)沉积微相变化导致的砂体变异部位是矿体厚度、宽度与富集程度增大的主要原因;(4)由决口扇形成的泥岩天窗是越流形成的关键因素之一。  相似文献   

To what extent have changes in channel capacity contributed to flood hazard trends in England and Wales?          下载免费PDF全文

Louise J. Slater 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(8):1115-1128

The frequency of floods has been projected to increase across Europe in the coming decades due to extreme weather events. However, our understanding of how flood frequency is affected by geomorphic changes in river channel capacity remains limited. This paper seeks to quantify the influence of trends in channel capacity on flood hazards. Measuring and predicting the effect of geomorphic changes on freshwater flooding is essential to mitigate the potential effects of major floods through informed planning and response. Hydrometric records from 41 stream gauging stations were used to measure trends in the flood stage (i.e. water surface elevation) frequency above the 1% annual exceedance threshold. The hydrologic and geomorphic components of flood hazard were quantified separately to determine their contribution to the total trend in flood stage frequency. Trends in cross‐sectional flow area and mean flow velocity were also investigated at the same flood stage threshold. Results showed that a 10% decrease (or increase) in the channel capacity would result in an increase (or decrease) in the flood frequency of approximately 1.5 days per year on average across these 41 sites. Widespread increases in the flood hazard frequency were amplified through both hydrologic and geomorphic effects. These findings suggest that overlooking the potential influence of changing channel capacity on flooding may be hazardous. Better understanding and quantifying the influence of geomorphic trends on flood hazard will provide key insight for managers and engineers into the driving mechanisms of fluvial flooding over relatively short timescales. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

On the potential of plant species invasion influencing bio‐geomorphologic landscape formation in salt marshes          下载免费PDF全文

Christian Schwarz  Tom Ysebaert  Wouter Vandenbruwaene  Stijn Temmerman  LiQuan Zhang  Peter M. J. Herman 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2016,41(14):2047-2057

Species invasions are known to change biotic and abiotic ecosystem characteristics such as community structure, cycling of materials and dynamics of rivers. However, their ability to alter interactions between biotic and abiotic ecosystem components, in particular bio‐geomorphic feedbacks and the resulting landscape configuration in tidal wetlands, such as tidal channels have not yet been demonstrated. We studied the impact of altered bio‐geomorphic feedbacks on geomorphologic features (i.e. tidal wetland channels), by comparing proxies for channel network geometry (unchanneled flow lengths, fractal dimension) over time between non‐invaded and invaded salt marsh habitats. The non‐invaded habitats (the south of eastern Chongming Island, Yangtze estuary, China) show little change in network geometry over time with a tendency for an increased drainage density. The invaded site (salt marshes in the north of eastern Chongming Island invaded by the exotic plant species Spartina alterniflora) showed a decreasing tendency in channel drainage density throughout and after the species invasion. This suggests that species invasions might not only affect biotic ecosystem characteristics, but also their ability to change bio‐geomorphic feedback loops, potentially leading to changes in existing geomorphologic features and therefore landscape configuration. Our results further suggest that the species invasion also altered sediment composition. Based on observations we propose a mechanism explaining the change in channel drainage density by an alteration in plant properties. The physical and physiological characteristics of the invading species Spartina alterniflora clearly differ from the native species Scirpus mariqueter, inducing different bio‐geomorphic feedback loops leading to the observed change in salt marsh channel configuration. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Decadal trends and causes of sedimentation in the Inner Mongolia reach of the upper Yellow River,China   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2       下载免费PDF全文

Changxing Shi 《水文研究》2016,30(2):232-244

Using hydrological and sediment data, this study investigated decadal trends in sediment erosion/deposition in the Inner Mongolia reach of the upper Yellow River. The calculated yearly sediment erosion/deposition show that the reach was dominated by aggradation, degradation, and aggradation successively in three periods with the years around 1961 and 1987 as break‐points. By constructing relations between water discharge and sediment load, the contributions of key factors to the changes in sediment erosion/deposition in the reach were quantified. Results show that the sediment retention behind the main stem dams, the increase of natural runoff, and the decrease of sediment inputs from tributaries and upstream watershed were the main factors causing the transition from aggradation during 1955–1961 to degradation during 1962–1987. The reduction of natural runoff, the decrease of sediment retention behind dams, and the rise of sediment supply from tributaries were the key causes of the reversal from degradation in 1962–1987 to aggradation in 1988–2003. Water diversion has played an important role in the long‐term aggradation of the Inner Mongolia reach. The main stem dams had functioned to alleviate siltation after 1961, but their effects on siltation reduction had been gradually diminishing since the 1990s. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Discontinuous headwater stream networks with stable flowheads,Salmon River basin,Idaho   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1       下载免费PDF全文

John A. Whiting  Sarah E. Godsey 《水文研究》2016,30(13):2305-2316

Headwater streams expand, contract, and disconnect in response to seasonal moisture conditions or those related to individual precipitation events. The fluctuation of the surface flow extent, or active drainage network, reflects catchment storage characteristics and has important impacts on stream ecology; however, the hydrological mechanisms that drive this phenomenon are still uncertain. Here, we present field surveys of the active drainage networks of four headwater streams in Central Idaho's Frank Church‐River of No Return Wilderness (7–21 km²) spanning the spring and summer months of 2014. We report the total length of the active drainage networks, which varied as a power law function with stream discharge with an average exponent of 0.11 ± 0.03 (range of 0.05–0.20). Generally, these active drainage networks were less responsive to changes in discharge than many streams in past studies. We observed that the locations where surface flow originates, or flowheads, were often stable, and an average of 64% of the change in active drainage network length was explained by downstream discontinuities. Analysis of geologic and geomorphic characteristics of individual watersheds and flowheads suggests that most flowheads below approximately 2200 m are supported by stable flowpaths controlled by bedrock structure. At higher elevations, small accumulation areas and saturation of shallow and conductive soil and colluvium after snowmelt result in more mobile flowhead locations. The dynamics of active drainage networks can help illuminate the spatiotemporal structure of flowpaths supporting surface flow. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献