The free jet as a means to improve water quality: Destratification and oxygen enrichment     

Jürgen Michele  Volker Michele 《Limnologica》2002,32(4):329-337

Rivers, lakes, and coastal waters are chaotic systems — physical, chemical, and biological parameters influence their development. Each parameter itself is influenced by the system. Human interaction has led to fast eutrophication. Oxygen input and artificial mixing have been considered as tools to overcome the biggest problems of fish kills, algal blooms, and bad odour. The favoured technology for destratification and oxygen input so far is the bubble curtain. This technology has been applied successfully in several cases. But often, this technology could not be implemented because of high investment and operating costs.

Alternatively, the free jet is discussed as an efficient and low investment and operating cost technology. The free jet may transport oxygen-rich water from the surface down into the hypolimnion, thereby destratifying a water system. A free jet entrains on its way down even more oxygen rich and warm epilimnic water. This water will finally — if some mixing with the cold hypolimnic water occurs — be transferred to the metalimnion. The density differences will make this water travel long distances.

The energy input may be very low and the objective must not be to totally overturn a system. A jet started in early spring may help a lake to have a deep enough epilimnion, relatively large in volume in respect to the hypolimnion, and the normal wind will recirculate the water transferring enough oxygen to the deeper part, thus expanding the fish habitat and enabling benthic fauna. Literature also shows that the occurrence of massive algal blooms may be reduced.

The oxygen efficiency can be multifold compared to standard technologies.  相似文献   

海南岛沙老岸礁区滨珊瑚氧、碳同位素对气候的记录   总被引：6，自引：1，他引：6  

吕炳全  王红罡  大场忠道  徐国强  岛村道代  丰田和弘  村山雅史  赵会民 《地球化学》2002,31(4):315-320

通过对海南岛沙老岸礁中正在连续生长的澄黄滨珊瑚骨骼进行氧，碳同位素的测定，对9年生长的珊瑚骨骼依次分析了352个样品，平均每旬有1－2个控制样品，以此来分析珊瑚生长期间的气候变化。首先分析出每年雨季和旱季的差别，得到雨季和旱季曲线的特征，并得出雨季在每年夏季，旱季在每年的秋冬季，表明海南岛礁区是典型的季风气候区。同时将珊瑚骨骼的氧同位素分析数值与相关记录的气温资料做比较，它们的相关系数为0．97和0．79，并得出以氧同位素分析数值求气温的公式。  相似文献   

针铁矿-四方纤铁矿-水体系氧同位素分馏的实验研究   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

徐宝龙  周根陶  郑永飞 《地球化学》2002,31(4):366-374

针铁矿是非常重要的三价铁氧化物之一,其氧同位素组成对于古环境再造具有很大的价值。以4种不同的铁化合物作为Fe3+离子的源物质,于30～120℃范围内,采用强迫水解方法,在不同同位素组成的水中分别实验合成针铁矿和四方纤铁矿。结果表明,以Fe(NO3)3·9H2O、NH4Fe(SO4)2·12H2O、Fe(SO4)3·7H2O为Fe3+源物质合成的是纯针铁矿,而以FeCl3·6H2O为Fe3+源物质合成的是四方纤铁矿。氧同位素分析显示,在30～120℃范围内实验测定的针铁矿-水体系和四方纤铁矿-水体系氧同位素分馏几乎不可区分,并且满足下列分馏关系:103lnα针铁矿-水=9.59×103/T-26.39103lnα四方纤铁矿-水=8.85×103/T-24.44实验测定的针铁矿-水体系氧同位素分馏不仅与前人实验结果一致,而且与增量方法理论计算相近。由于实验采用不同反应途径得到了一致的分馏结果,因此所测定的针铁矿-水体系氧同位素分馏代表了热力学平衡。  相似文献   

Changes in the Thermal Climate in Northwestern Europe during Marine Oxygen Isotope Stage 3, Estimated from Fossil Insect assemblages     

G. Russell Coope 《Quaternary Research》2002,57(3):401

More than 30 fossil coleopteran (beetle) assemblages have been recorded from oxygen isotope stage 3 in northern Europe, comprising several hundred identified species. Using the mutual climatic range method for quantifying palaeotemperatures, these assemblages show that the climates of the times can be divided into two distinct interstadial types. One, a short phase of temperate/oceanic climate occurred between 43,000 and 42,000 ¹⁴C yr B.P. when conditions were not much different from those of the present day. In spite of the temperate climate, trees did not colonize northwestern Europe at this time. Two, both before and after this temperate interlude there were phases of cold/continental climate during which summers were too cold for trees to grow and winters were of Siberian intensity. It is possible that periods of even colder conditions intervened from time to time between the interstadial but, because of the intensity of the cold, biological systems were so inhibited that no fossil evidence for them can be found in northern Europe. Evidence for them must be sought in the fossil records from the warmer parts of southern Europe or in the physical evidence in the Greenland ice cores.  相似文献   

Isotopic Composition (δC, δO) and Origin of Manganese Carbonate Ores from the Early Oligocene Deposits, the Eastern Paratethys     

V.N. Kuleshov   《Chemie der Erde / Geochemistry》2003,63(4):329-363

  相似文献   

Spatial and temporal variability in the stable isotope systematics of modern precipitation in China: implications for paleoclimate reconstructions   总被引：19，自引：0，他引：19  

Kathleen R. Johnson  B.Lynn Ingram 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》2004,220(3-4):365-377

The stable isotopic composition of materials such as glacial ice, tree rings, lake sediments, and speleothems from low-to-mid latitudes contains information about past changes in temperature (T) and precipitation amount (P). However, the transfer functions which link δ¹⁸O_p to changes in T or P, dδ¹⁸O_p/dT and dδ¹⁸O_p/dP, can exhibit significant temporal and spatial variability in these regions. In areas affected by the Southeast Asian monsoon, past variations in δ¹⁸O and δD of precipitation have been attributed to variations in monsoon intensity, storm tracks, and/or variations in temperature. Proper interpretation of past δ¹⁸O_p variations here requires an understanding of these complicated stable isotope systematics. Since temperature and precipitation are positively correlated in China and have opposite effects on δ¹⁸O_p, it is necessary to determine which of these effects is dominant for a specific region in order to perform even qualitative paleoclimate reconstructions. Here, we evaluate the value of the transfer functions in modern precipitation to more accurately interpret the paleorecord. The strength of these transfer functions in China is investigated using multiple regression analysis of data from 10 sites within the Global Network for Isotopes in Precipitation (GNIP). δ¹⁸O_p is modeled as a function of both temperature and precipitation. The magnitude and signs of the transfer functions at any given site are closely related to the degree of summer monsoon influence. δ¹⁸O_p values at sites with intense summer monsoon precipitation are more dependent on the amount of precipitation than on temperature, and therefore exhibit more negative values in the summer. In contrast, δ¹⁸O_p values at sites that are unaffected by summer monsoon precipitation exhibit strong relationships between δ¹⁸O_p and temperature. The sites that are near the northern limit of the summer monsoon exhibit dependence on both temperature and amount of precipitation. Comparison with simple linear models (δ¹⁸O_p as a function of T or P) and a geographic model (δ¹⁸O_p as a function of latitude and altitude) shows that the multiple regression model is more successful at reproducing δ¹⁸O_p values at sites that are strongly influenced by the summer monsoon. The fact that the transfer function values are highly spatially variable and closely related to the degree of summer monsoon influence suggests that these values may also vary temporally. Since the Southeast Asian monsoon intensity is known to exhibit large variations on a number of timescales (annual to glacial–interglacial), and the magnitude and sign of the transfer functions is related to monsoon intensity, we suggest that as monsoon intensity changes, the magnitude and possibly even the sign of the transfer functions may vary. Therefore, quantitative paleoclimate reconstructions based on δ¹⁸O_p variations may not be valid.  相似文献   

Geochemistry of Peruvian near-surface sediments   总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6  

Philipp Böning  Michael E. Böttcher  Cornelia Kriete  Sven Lars Borchers 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2004,68(21):4429-4451

Sixteen short sediment cores were recovered from the upper edge (UEO), within (WO) and below (BO) the oxygen minimum zone (OMZ) off Peru during cruise 147 of R/V Sonne. Solids were analyzed for major/trace elements, total organic carbon, total inorganic carbon, total sulfur, the stable sulfur isotope composition (δ³⁴S) of pyrite, and sulfate reduction rates (SRR). Pore waters were analyzed for dissolved sulfate/sulfide and δ³⁴S of sulfate. In all cores highest SRR were observed in the top 5 cm where pore water sulfate concentrations varied little due to resupply of sulfate by sulfide oxidation and/or diffusion of sulfate from bottom water. δ³⁴S of dissolved sulfate showed only minor downcore increases. Strong ³²S enrichments in sedimentary pyrite (to −48‰ vs. V-CDT) are due to processes in the oxidative part of the sulfur cycle in addition to sulfate reduction. Manganese and Co are significantly depleted in Peruvian upwelling sediments most likely due to mobilization from particles settling through the OMZ, whereas release of both elements from reducing sediments only seems to occur in near-coastal sites. Cadmium, Mo and Re are exceptionally enriched in WO sediments (<600 m water depth). High Re and moderate Cd and Mo enrichments are seen in BO sediments (>600 m water depth). Re/Mo ratios indicate anoxic and suboxic conditions for WO and BO sediments, respectively. Cadmium and Mo downcore profiles suggest considerable contribution to UEO/WO sediments by a biodetrital phase, whereas Re presumably accumulates via diffusion across the sediment-water interface to precipitation depth. Uranium is distinctly enriched in WO sediments (due to sulfidic conditions) and in some BO sediments (due to phosphorites). Silver transfer to suboxic BO sediments is likely governed by diatomaceous matter input, whereas in anoxic WO sediments Ag is presumably trapped due to sulfide precipitation. Cadmium, Cu, Zn, Ni, Cr, Ag, and T1 predominantly accumulate via biogenic pre-concentration in plankton remains. Rhenium, Sb, As, V, U and Mo are enriched in accordance with seawater TE availability. Lead and Bi enrichment in UEO surface sediments is likely contributed by anthropogenic activity (mining). Accumulation rates of TOC, Cd, Mo, U, and V from Peruvian and Namibian sediments exceed those from the Oman Margin and Gulf of California due to enhanced preservation off Peru and Namibia.  相似文献   

超高压变质作用过程中的流体-岩石相互作用——中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔（0～2050m）岩心的氧同位素证据   总被引：8，自引：0，他引：8  

张泽明  肖益林JochenHOEFS 高勇军 《岩石矿物学杂志》2004,23(4):289-297

中国大陆科学钻探工程主孔位于苏鲁超高压变质带南部的东海地区。该钻孔0～2050m井段钻遇的岩石主要是榴辉岩、正片麻岩、副片麻岩和石榴石橄榄岩。激光原位氧同位素研究表明，变质矿物的δ^18O值具有显著的不均一性，从-6．8‰变化至 7．5‰。空间上看，从近地表至1000m深度δ^18O值逐渐降低，向更深处又逐渐升高。位于钻孔1100～1600m深度之间的正片麻岩是新元古代花岗岩体，该岩体的侵入为表壳岩与低氧同位素大气降水之间的水-岩交换作用提供了热源，并导致岩体附近的围岩发生了最强烈的水-岩蚀变，因此具有极低的氧同位素值。研究还显示，在厘米尺度内，大多数超高压变质矿物之间具有平衡的氧同位素组成，所获得的超高压峰期变质温度为700～882℃，与矿物之间的主元素交换温度计获得的结果基本相同。超高压变形与变质分异、高压退变质作用及其伴生的局部流体活动可能是造成超高压变质矿物氧同位素不平衡的主要原因。研究进一步证明，超高压变质岩原岩的异常低氧同位素特征在大陆板块的俯冲与折返过程中得以较好保存，在超高压变质前期、同期和后期均没有大规模的透入性流体活动发生。与围岩呈构造接触关系的石榴石橄榄岩具有正常地幔岩的氧同位素成分，它很可能是构造侵位到俯冲带之间的地幔楔状体，并不具有与表壳岩相同的前超高压变质历史。  相似文献   

大别山中生代中酸性岩浆岩锆石U-Pb定年、元素和氧同位素地球化学研究   总被引：10，自引：2，他引：10  

赵子福郑永飞  魏春生吴元保 《岩石学报》2004,20(5):1151-1174

对大别山中生代主簿源、天柱山和团岭中酸性岩浆岩进行了锆石U-Pb定年、全岩主量和微量元素分析以及全岩和单矿物的氧同位素分析。结果表明,这些富钾的中酸性侵入岩表现出明显的轻稀土富集和高场强元素(Nb、P和Ti)负异常,与围岩片麻岩之间具有类似的微量元素分布特征和初始Sr-Nd-Ph同位素组成。锆石U-Pb年龄指示了早白垩世(121～131Ma)的岩浆结晶年龄。通过CL照相和SHRIMP定年在某些锆石颗粒中发现了老的继承核,年龄分别为742～815Ma和222Ma。这些新元古代和三叠纪核年龄分别与大别-苏鲁造山带超高压变火成岩原岩年龄和超高压变质年龄一致。尽管石英和锆石具有较小的δ~(18)O值变化范围(石英:6.30‰～8.66‰,锆石:4.14‰～6.11‰),全岩和其它单矿物氧同位素比值变化较大(全岩:0.07‰～7.13‰,钾长石:0.55‰～7.40‰,斜长石:-4.88‰～6.96‰),大多数锆石具有与正常地幔锆石(5.3±0.3‰)一致的δ~(18)O值。大多数样品的石英-锆石之间保存了氧同位素平衡分馏,而其它矿物(如,钾长石、斜长石、黑云母和角闪石)与锆石之间则大多表现出明显的氧同位素不平衡分馏,指示它们受到了岩浆期后亚固相水-岩相互作用的扰动。元素和同位素特征表明,大别山中生代中性岩起源于加厚基性下地壳的脱水部分熔融,在岩浆侵位过程中伴随有结晶分异作用;而花岗岩则起源于与北大别TTG正片麻岩具有相似化学组成的中性地壳的部分熔融。因此,大别山中生代中酸性岩岩浆源区是三叠纪扬子陆块俯冲产生的加厚地壳,形成机制可能与早白垩世地幔超柱事件热扰动所引起的部分熔融有关。  相似文献   

安徽月山石英闪长岩氧同位素分馏、Rb-Sr等时线定年与矿物蚀变之间的关系   总被引：7，自引：3，他引：7  

李波陈江峰  郑永飞赵子福　钱卉 《岩石学报》2004,20(5):1185-1192

受热液蚀变影响的侵入岩能否给出合理的矿物Rb-Sr等时线年龄是同位素年代学研究的一个重要课题。对月山岩体中的一个石英闪长岩样品进行了研究,对蚀变程度不同的矿物进行了氧同位素分析以及Rb-Sr等时线定年。各未蚀变矿物与石英构成的矿物对氧同位素表观温度的大小为:石英-角闪石对(470±15℃)>石英-黑云母对(340±10℃)>石英-斜长石对(265±20℃),表明了岩石在冷却过程中的氧同位素退化平衡。与此相应,3个未蚀变矿物(黑云母,角闪石,斜长石)的Rb-Sr等时线年龄为137.6±1.2Ma(MSWD=0.07),等时线的线性非常好,且与前人得到的Ar-Ar年龄在误差范围内一致。而石英-蚀变黑云母对的氧同位素表观温度(310±10℃)和石英-蚀变钭长石对的表观温度(325±25℃)与相应石英-未蚀变矿物对的相比,发生了显著改变,表明这两种矿物的氧同位素体系在蚀变过程中受到了扰动。但是未蚀变和蚀变共6个矿物的Rb-Sr等时线年龄为136.81±0.77Ma(MSWD=0.81),此等时线的线性也很好,且年龄与未蚀变矿物的在误差范围内一致。由于蚀变的影响,蚀变黑云母和斜长石的Rb、Sr含量和Sr同位素比值都发生了变化,但是蚀变矿物的~(87)Rb/~(86)Sr和~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr比值沿着等时线移动,因此等时线年龄不变,指示了蚀变时相当于全岩成分的内部流体与矿物之间的同位素交换。这表明受内部流体影响使花岗岩发生低温热液蚀变时,即使氧同位素体系受到扰动,Rb-Sr等时线仍可以有地质意义。  相似文献