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1.
Francisco J. Montero Llcer 《Marine Policy》2003,27(6):513-523
The debate about open registers (ORs) is not a new matter, and throughout centuries States have taken advantage of other flags for their own profit in order to overcome any kind of restrictions. To understand this system in depth it is necessary to know about its origins, development and consolidation. Eradicating substandard registers calls for the application of specific directions like the ones presented, which are a result of many years of researching and working for international organizations aiming at the modernization and consolidation of some ORs. This has led to an increase in the levels of safety and credibility of the maritime administrations where they were applied. 相似文献
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Questionnaires were completed by 2306 beach users at 19 Welsh beaches with respect to beach selection parameters. The modal group of respondents was female aged 30–39. Beach choice was primarily determined by clean litter-free sand and seawater, followed by safety. Refreshment facilities and beach awards were deemed minor considerations by the public when choosing a beach to visit. Approximately 58 per cent of respondents were aware of beach award and rating schemes. Of coastal visitors interviewed for this paper, 67 per cent rated a beach as 'important' or 'very important' to their holiday, with just 2 per cent replying that they were unimportant. 相似文献
4.
Tilapia rendalli is a predominately macrophagous fish. However, it was able to colonise an oligotrophic dam (Flag Boshielo) with limited macrophytes. Therefore, the diet of T. rendalli in this dam was investigated; its stomach contents were examined over 12 months. A size related dietary shift was evident. Juveniles fed mainly on zooplankton while sub-adult and adult fish grazed on both macrophytes and marginal vegetation. T. rendalli’s ability to strive in an environment with limited food resources led to a subsequent study to determine its aquaculture potential. Its growth performance was compared to that of the commonly cultured Oreochromis mossambicus. Juveniles of both species were fed a commercial tilapia diet for 60 days. Specific growth rate and protein efficiency ratio was comparable to that of O. mossambicus (P > 0.05, ANOVA). Feed conversion ratio was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in T. rendalli (1.43) than in O. mossambicus (1.25) indicating a better efficiency in feed utilisation by O. mossambicus. At a physiological level, protease, lipase and cellulase activities did not differ significantly between the two fish species (P > 0.05). Amylase activities were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in T. rendalli than in O. mossambicus. The highest amylase activities were recorded in the proximal intestines as 26.34 and 22.00 μmol/min/mg protein in T. rendalli and O. mossambicus respectively. This may be an indicator that T. rendalli is better equipped to digest plant diets. T. rendalli may be the aquaculture species of choice for emerging fish farmers who cannot afford the highly priced fishmeal as a protein source in fish diets. 相似文献
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沙滩质量评价是有效的沙滩管理工具。“蓝旗”标准是目前世界上认可度最高的沙滩评价标准。文章基于“蓝旗”标准,根据国内外已有沙滩质量评价体系,结合实地调研和问卷调查,构建适用于万平口沙滩的质量评价体系。评价结果表明：(1)万平口环境因素、安全与教育和环境管理准则层评价结果均为良好,社会因素准则层达到优质等级,说明万平口风景区作为旅游地,其气候条件适宜,服务水平和安全及教育水平都较为发达。(2）万平口沙滩的自然条件本底优良,是最能体现日照“蓝天、碧海、金沙滩”的特色景区。但由于自然及人为因素造成的沙滩侵蚀退化现象严重,影响了沙滩的可持续发展。根据评价结果及万平口与“蓝旗沙滩”的对比差异,认为万平口建设“蓝旗沙滩”,需要完善景区水质监测、加强景区内及周边环境管理、重视沙滩养护、完善基础设施的投放、进一步提高景区的服务水平、重视景区内安全保障及加强景区的宣传,提高公众对“蓝旗”的认知度。 相似文献
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The subject of measuring the performance of registries has been a topic of policy discussions in recent years at the regional level due to the recasting of the European Union (EU) port state control (PSC) directive which introduces incentives for flags which perform better. Since the current method used in the EU region entails some shortcomings, it has therefore been the subject of substantial scrutiny. Furthermore, the International Maritime Organization (IMO) developed a set of performance indicators which however lacks the ability to measure compliance as set out in one of its strategic directions towards fostering global compliance. This article develops a methodology to measure flag state performance which can be applied on the regional or global level and to other areas of legislative interest (e.g. recognized organizations, Document of Compliance Companies). The proposed methodology overcomes some of the shortcomings of the present method and presents a more refined, less biased approach of measuring performance. To demonstrate its usefulness, it is applied to a sample of 207,821 observations for a 3-year time frame and compared to the current method. 相似文献
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《Marine Policy》2017
The Maritime Labour Convention, 2006 outlines a framework for states to enforce jurisdiction over maritime labour matters, including the Flag State, Port State and Labour Supplying State. However, the Convention does not provide explicit guidance on jurisdiction determination. This article argues that seafarers should have the right to access the jurisdictions of member states, and that future amendment to the Convention should confirm this right. This paper first analyses current theories of maritime labour jurisdiction. Secondly, it conducts a comparative doctrinal analysis regarding adjudicative jurisdiction principles in common law and civil law systems. Thirdly, in three case studies involving concurrence jurisdictions of member states, this article finds that the authority of any single member state is not reliably accessible to seafarers, in particular when the state has no strong link with the seafarers. This article recommends that seafarers’ rights in the Convention to choose one jurisdiction from relevant member states should be confirmed in a future amendment. 相似文献
8.
通过对比焦石坝、长宁和威远气田五峰-龙马溪组页岩产层段的岩矿、物性、含气性以及可压裂性等地质参数及其纵向变化规律,综合分析了页岩储层的平面和纵向非均质性及其对“甜点”优选和储层改造的影响。研究表明,纵向非均质特征在不同地区具有总体一致性：石英含量、有机碳含量和含气量均呈现下高上低的基本趋势;底部深水陆棚沉积层段普遍具有高有机碳含量、高脆性、高孔隙度和高含气量的特征,一系列属性参数的相互耦合和匹配决定了五峰组-鲁丹阶成为“甜点”的主要发育层段。平面非均质特征主要表现为储层品质以及“甜点”发育层段和厚度的区域差异：长宁和威远地区的钙质含量明显高于焦石坝地区,发育钙质硅质混合页岩相;焦石坝地区的水平应力差明显低于长宁和威远地区,且天然裂缝更为发育;长宁和焦石坝地区的“甜点层”发育于五峰-鲁丹阶下部,而威远地区的“甜点层”则发育于鲁丹阶-埃隆阶中部。页岩储层的非均质性决定了“甜点”的分布范围、发育层段和厚度;矿物组成、天然裂缝、岩石力学参数和地应力场的空间变化是进行压裂设计的重要依据。 相似文献
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应用盆栽试验方法,研究了菖蒲在不同淹水深度下的萌发和幼苗生长.试验共设20、40、60、80、100和120 cm等6个处理,处理时间为86 d.结果表明:(1)不同淹水深度对菖蒲萌发和幼苗有不同程度的影响,在持续完全淹水条件下,菖蒲幼苗的萌发率仅为淹水20 cm条件下的1/3,幼苗的平均高度为淹水20 cm条件下的1/3左右;(2)菖蒲幼苗叶片长度、宽度、叶片面积和基茎随淹水深度增加而减小,叶片数量和叶片含水率随淹水深度增加而增大;(3)在试验的27 d、54 d、86 d,各淹水深度植物的根、茎、叶及总生物量都比淹水20 cm有不同程度的降低,并随淹水时间的延长,各淹水深度条件下的生物量差别增大.在不同淹水深度条件下,根、茎和叶生物量增量均表现为茎的最多,叶的次之,根的最少;(4)菖蒲幼苗在水深为100-120 cm的逆境条件下时,叶片细胞膜脂过氧化加剧,细胞质膜透性增加;(5)菖蒲幼苗叶片的叶绿素a、b含量和类胡萝卜素(Car)含量随淹水深度的增加而下降;(6)Fv/Fm、ETR、qP随淹水深度的增加而下降,长时间(54-86 d)完全淹水(水深100-120 cm)对菖蒲幼苗光合系统PSⅡ有显著影响,影响菖蒲幼苗PSⅡ的非循环光合电子传递速率,天线色素吸收的光能用于光化学电子传递的份额减少,参与CO2固定的电子减少;qN在54 d、86 d的都有不同程度的增加,菖蒲叶片PSⅡ系统没有遭到破坏. 相似文献
10.
Intermediate sulfidation veins containing quartz–sphalerite–tetrahedrite–rhodochrosite–fluorite in the Sweet Home Mine, Alma
District, Colorado were originally mined for silver starting in 1873. For the last 13 years up until 2004, however, the mine
has produced world-class rhodochrosite specimens. Some of these specimens are considered to be among the finest mineral specimens
ever produced and the finest of their species with values well over $1 million US dollars. The extraction, preparation, and
marketing techniques pioneered at the Sweet Home operation have revolutionized the minerals specimen industry. The Sweet Home
deposit is interpreted as a single pulse variant of a Climax-type hydrothermal system. Evidence for this includes (1) an age
of mineralization (25.8 ± 0.3 Ma) that coincides with the age of the end stages of mineralization of the Climax molybdenum
deposit approximately 7.5 km to the northeast; (2) a geochemical (Mn, W, F) and mineralogical (topaz, fluorite, hubnerite,
greisen muscovite) signature typically associated with Climax-type systems; (3) the presence of porphyry rhyolite dikes, a
breccia dike, and local quartz–molybdenite veins in the nearby area; (4) a small pegmatite within the mine with an age (25.9 ± 0.3 Ma)
coincident with mineralization, which also contains minor amounts of disseminated molybdenite; and (5) the presence of similar-appearing
gemmy, red rhodochrosites at Climax and other high-silica rhyolite systems. A significant difference is that unlike Climax-type
systems, the Sweet Home hydrothermal system appears to have consisted of a single, relatively small pulse of magmatic fluid
that slowly cooled and diluted with groundwater. This is inferred to have occurred at moderate depths in the order of 1.5–2.5 km
below the surface. The fluids that formed the Sweet Home veins were dilute (salinity in the order of 2–4 wt% NaCl equivalent),
high-temperature (temperatures of homogenization up to 370°C), and initially of magmatic origin. Gem quality ruby-red rhodochrosite
at the Sweet Home Mine is nearly pure manganese carbonate with minimal solid solution with Fe+2, Ca, or Mg. It formed at higher temperatures and salinities in comparison to lower value, pink rhodochrosite. Gemmy, ruby-red
rhodochrosite is distinctly associated with highly evolved silica-rich igneous/hydrothermal systems. The high fluorine content
typical of such systems suggests that Mn was transported in solution as fluoride complexes, which, in turn, favored rhodochrosite
deposition at above-average temperatures and with minimal cation contamination.
An erratum to this article can be found at 相似文献