无水硝酸镁制备过程中的水解特性          下载免费PDF全文

钟远  袁俊生  王敏  王怀有  李锦丽  冉广芬 《盐湖研究》2020,28(3):99-108

在槽式太阳能热发电领域,硝酸镁基熔盐逐渐引起关注。通过六水硝酸镁煅烧法制备无水硝酸镁,采用拉曼、DSC与XRD表征脱水产物,系统研究了环境压力、脱水温度与时间对六水硝酸镁脱水和水解的影响。结果表明,六水硝酸镁在煅烧过程中水解为碱式硝酸镁Mg_3(OH)_4(NO_3)_2,在水溶液中进一步分解为Mg(OH)_2。随着煅烧温度和时间的增加,脱水产物中的含水量逐渐减少,同时水解产物Mg_3(OH)_4(NO_3)_2含量逐渐增加。真空环境下煅烧,可显著降低硝酸镁的水解反应。六水硝酸镁在真空环境下230℃煅烧1.5 h,所制备的无水硝酸镁中水解产物含量为3.63%。制备的硝酸镁可进一步用于硝酸镁基熔盐的研究。  相似文献   

俯冲带地震诱发机制:研究进展综述   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

邵同宾  嵇少丞 《地质论评》2015,61(2):245-268

俯冲带作为地球循环体系的关键部位,具有构造活跃、地震多发以及地质条件复杂等特征。基于震源位置,俯冲带地震既可划分为板间和板内地震,也可分为浅源、中源和深源地震。俯冲带内的浅源地震包括板间地震和浅源板内地震,而中源和深源地震皆属于板内地震。在地球浅部,温度与压力低,浅源地震是由岩石发生脆性破裂或沿着先存断层发生不稳定摩擦滑移造成的。随着深度增加,温度和压力的增加使得流行于浅部的脆性和摩擦行为在无水条件下被强烈抑制,岩石从而表现为可抑制地震的韧性行为,使得中-深源地震的诱发机制有别于常规的脆性行为。随着研究的逐渐深入,人们了解到中源地震的诱发机制主要是脱水或与流体相关的致脆以及塑性剪切失稳,而深源地震的成因主要是相变致裂。然而,中-深源地震很可能是两种或两种以上机制共同作用的结果。例如,在中源深度既可能是流体相关的致脆导致脱水源区的脆性围岩产生地震,亦可能是脱水的蛇纹岩本身可能在流体孔隙压的作用下作粘滑滑移,而前者比后者更为重要。孕震带宽度大于"反裂隙模型"预测的亚稳态橄榄石冷核宽度的深源地震可能是由第一阶段的相变致裂和第二阶段的塑性剪切失稳诱发,而孕震带的实际宽度与预测宽度相当的深源地震则可能仅由相变致裂引起。只要过渡带内名义无水矿物中的结构水能释放出来,脱水致脆同样可能触发一些深源地震;而塑性剪切失稳不仅能在中-深源地震触发后的扩展阶段起着主导作用,而且还能单独触发一些中-深源地震,因此能够解释大多数反复发生的中-深源地震活动。  相似文献   

Metamorphic veining and mass transfer in a chemically closed system: a case study in Alpine metabauxites (western Vanoise)   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

B. GOFFÉ  F. BRUNET  C. POINSSOT  O. VIDAL  N. FINDLING  D. MENUT 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2011,29(3):275-300

In western Vanoise (French Alps), karstic pockets of Triassic‐to‐Jurassic metabauxites embedded in carbonate rocks and containing several generations of metamorphic veins were studied. During blueschist facies metamorphism, a cumulative amount of ～13 vol% of water is inferred to have been produced locally by successive dehydration reactions, and part of this fluid remained in the bauxitic lenses during most of the metamorphic cycle. Field and geochemical evidence show that these rocks have been isolated from large‐scale fluid flow (closed‐system behaviour). It is proposed that the internally derived fluid has promoted the opening of fluid‐filled open spaces (as attested by the euhedral habits of vein minerals) and served as medium for mass transfer from rock to vein. Indeed, the vein infill is obviously the result of chemical interactions, at the millimetre‐to‐centimetre scale, between the rock minerals and the locally produced aqueous fluid. Two vein types can be distinguished based on mineralogical and textural features: (i) some veins are filled with newly formed products of either prograde (chloritoid) or retrograde (chlorite) metamorphic reactions; in this case, fluid‐filled open spaces seem to offer energetically favourable nucleation/growth sites; (ii) the second vein type is infilled with cookeite or pyrophyllite, that were present in the host rock prior to the vein formation. In this closed chemical system, the components for the vein infill minerals have been transferred from rock to vein through the fluid, in a dissolution–transport–precipitation process, possibly stress‐assisted. These different vein generations all contain Al‐rich mineral infills, suggesting that Al was a mobile element (cm scale) during metamorphism. In these HP rocks, fluid flow may have been restricted, and if so mass transfer occurred by diffusion in an almost stagnant fluid. Metamorphic veins can be seen as witnesses of fluid and mass redistribution that partly accommodate the rock deformation (lateral segregation).  相似文献   

Muscovite dehydration melting: Reaction mechanisms,microstructures, and implications for anatexis     

Brendan Dyck  David J. Waters  Marc R. St-Onge  Mike P. Searle 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2020,38(1):29-52

Dehydration melting of muscovite in metasedimentary sequences is the initially dominant mechanism of granitic melt generation in orogenic hinterlands. In dry (vapour-absent) crust, muscovite reacts with quartz to produce K-feldspar, sillimanite, and monzogranitic melt. When water vapour is present in excess, sillimanite and melt are the primary products of muscovite breakdown, and any K-feldspar produced is due to melt crystallization. Here we document the reaction mechanisms that control nucleation and growth of K-feldspar, sillimanite, and silicate melt in the metamorphic core of the Himalaya, and outline the microstructural criteria used to distinguish peritectic K-feldspar from K-feldspar grains formed during melt crystallization. We have characterized four stages of microstructural evolution in selected psammitic and pelitic samples from the Langtang and Everest regions: (a) K-feldspar nucleates epitaxially on plagioclase while intergrowths of fibrolitic sillimanite and the remaining hydrous melt components replace muscovite. (b) In quartzofeldspathic domains, K-feldspar replaces plagioclase by K⁺–Na⁺ cation exchange, while melt and intergrowths of sillimanite+quartz form in the aluminous domains. (c) At 7–8 vol.% melt generation, the system evolves from a closed to open system and all phases coarsen by up to two orders of magnitude, resulting in large K-feldspar porphyroblasts. (d) Preferential crystallization of residual melt on K-feldspar porphyroblasts and coarsened quartz forms an augen gneiss texture with a monzogranitic-tonalitic matrix that contains intergrowths of sillimanite+tourmaline+muscovite+apatite. Initial poikiloblasts of peritectic K-feldspar trap fine-grained inclusions of quartz and biotite by replacement growth of matrix plagioclase. During subsequent coarsening, peritectic K-feldspar grains overgrow and trap fabric-aligned biotite, resulting in a core to rim coarsening of inclusion size. These microstructural criteria enable a mass balance of peritectic K-feldspar and sillimanite to constrain the amount of free H₂O present during muscovite dehydration. The resulting modal proportion of K-feldspar in the Himalayan metamorphic core requires vapour-absent conditions during muscovite dehydration melting and leucogranite formation, indicating that the generation of large volumes of granitic melts in orogenic belts is not necessarily contingent on an external source of fluids.  相似文献   

Dehydration-related deformation during regional metamorphism, NW Sardinia, Italy     

G. D. H. SIMPSON 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1998,16(3):457-472

The relationship between deformation and dehydration has been investigated in Hercynian regionally metamorphosed rocks exposed on NW Sardinia. Two episodes of prograde mineral growth (M₁ & M₂) involving dehydration are recognized: growth of chlorite/phengite porphyroblasts at anchizone metamorphic conditions, contemporaneous with the first phase of deformation, D₁, and growth of biotite from chlorite and phengite coincident with the second phase of deformation, D₂. Deformation during both episodes of dehydration is characterized by penetrative axial planar foliations defined by well-developed phyllosilicate preferred orientations quantified by XRD textural goniometry, tight to isoclinal similar folds (interlimb angles <40°), and mineral-filled veins (hydrofractures) orientated parallel to axial planar foliations, that formed contemporaneously with the development of the penetrative foliations. No prograde mineral growth occurred during D₂ at chlorite-zone conditions. D₂ deformation in the absence of dehydration is characterized by non-penetrative crenulation cleavages, poorly developed phyllosilicate preferred orientations, relatively open (interlimb angles >40°), low-strain similar folds and minor brittle deformation. Systematic variations in macrofold interlimb angles, with respect to the timing of mineral growth, indicate that enhanced shortening (c. 80%) occurred during dehydration. Microfabrics show that the onset of dehydration is associated with the transition from a crenulation cleavage to a penetrative foliation. The presence of axial planar hydrofractures that formed coevally with dehydration and fabric development requires that supralithostatic fluid pressures and low differential stresses (<c. 20 MPa) accompanied dehydration. These features demonstrate a connection between the timing of dehydration and the style of deformation.  相似文献   

叶蛇纹岩脆性-半脆性破裂研究     

邵同宾  宋茂双  李建峰  张桂男  夏莹 《岩石学报》2016,32(6):1675-1687

利用Paterson气体介质高温高压流变仪对纯叶蛇纹岩在100~400MPa围压、25~700℃温度和10-5~1.5×10-6s-1应变速率下进行了三轴压缩变形实验。实验结果表明叶蛇纹石在低压条件下表现为脆性破裂,高压或脱水条件下表现为半脆性破裂。随着温度的增加,叶蛇纹石的强度显示逐渐降低的趋势;尤其在脱水条件下,温度的增加可导致叶蛇纹石强度大幅度地降低,而且此时预热时间对强度的影响比未发生脱水时更加显著。结合前人的研究并对比发现,围压在室温下的增加导致叶蛇纹岩强度增加;但在高温下围压的增加导致试样强度整体上降低,这很可能是试样内聚力的局部损失与韧性增强引起的。围压和温度的升高,以及断层面上流体的增加很可能会增加破裂面的韧性,从而减小摩擦系数。此外,叶蛇纹石并非以往人们所认为的那样具有极低的强度,其强度要比低温蛇纹石(如利蛇纹石和纤蛇纹石)的大得多,即便在高温(大约600℃)下差应力大于约600MPa和中-低温(≤400℃)下差应力大于约1000MPa时仍没有表现出明显屈服的迹象。在脱水条件下,蛇纹岩并没有发生脱水致脆,相反脱水使得试样的断裂行为变得更加温和些。因此,俯冲带蛇纹岩脱水更可能诱发其周围更加脆性的岩石发生地震而不是脱水的蛇纹岩本身发生地震。  相似文献   

Dehydration melting, fluid buffering and decompressional P–T path in a granulite complex from the Eastern Ghats, India     

S. DASGUPTA  P. SENGUPTA  M. FUKUOKA  S. CHAKRABORTI 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》1992,10(6):777-788

A suite of metapelites, charnockites, calc-silicate rocks, quartzo-feldspathic gneisses and mafic granulites is exposed at Garbham, a part of the Eastern Ghats granulite belt of India. Reaction textures and mineral compositional data have been used to determine the P–T–X evolutionary history of the granulites. In metapelites and charnockites, dehydration melting reactions involving biotite produced quartzofeldspathic segregations during peak metamorphism. However, migration of melt from the site of generation was limited. Subsequent to peak metamorphism at c . 860° C and 8 kbar, the complex evolved through nearly isothermal decompression to 530–650° C and 4–5 kbar. During this phase, coronal garnet grew in the calc-silicates, while garnet in the presence of quartz broke down in charnockite and mafic granulite. Fluid activities during metamorphism were internally buffered in different lithologies in the presence of a melt phase. The P–T path of the granulites at Garbham contrasts sharply with the other parts of the Eastern Ghats granulite belt where the rocks show dominantly near-isobaric cooling subsequent to peak metamorphism.  相似文献   

Calculated Phase Relations in the System Na2O-CaO-K2O-FeO-MgO-Al2O3-SiO2-H2O with Applications to UHP Eclogites and Whiteschists   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

YANG  JIAN-JUN; POWELL  ROGER 《Journal of Petrology》2006,47(10):2047-2071

Pressure–temperature grids in the system Na₂O–CaO–K₂O–FeO–MgO–Al₂O₃–SiO₂–H₂O and its subsystems have been calculatedin the range 15–45 kbar and 550–900°C, usingan internally consistent thermodynamic dataset and new thermodynamicmodels for amphibole, white mica, and clinopyroxene, with thesoftware THERMOCALC. Minerals considered for the grids includegarnet, omphacite, diopside, jadeite, hornblende, actinolite,glaucophane, zoisite, lawsonite, kyanite, coesite, quartz, talc,muscovite, paragonite, biotite, chlorite, and plagioclase. Compatibilitydiagrams are used to illustrate the phase relationships in thegrids. Coesite-bearing eclogites and a whiteschist from Chinaare used to demonstrate the ability of pseudosections to modelphase relationships in natural ultrahigh-pressure metamorphicrocks. Under water-saturated conditions, chlorite-bearing assemblagesin Mg- and Al-rich eclogites are stable at lower temperaturesthan in Fe-rich eclogites. The relative temperature stabilityof the three amphiboles is hornblende > actinolite > glaucophane(amphibole names used sensu lato). Talc-bearing assemblagesare stable only at low temperature and high pressure in Mg-and Al-rich eclogites. For most eclogite compositions, talccoexists with lawsonite, but not zoisite, in the stability fieldof coesite. Water content contouring of pressure–temperaturepseudosections, along with appropriate geotherms, provides newconstraints concerning dehydration of such rocks in subductingslabs. Chlorite and lawsonite are two important H₂O-carriersin subducting slabs. Depending on bulk composition and pressure–temperaturepath, amphibole may or may not be a major H₂O-carrier to depth.In most cases, dehydration to make ultrahigh-pressure eclogitestakes place gradually, with H₂O content controlled by divariantor higher variance assemblages. Therefore, fluid fluxes in subductionzones are likely to be continuous, with the rate of dehydrationchanging with changing pressure and temperature. Further, eclogitesof different bulk compositions dehydrate differently. Dehydrationof Fe-rich eclogite is nearly complete at relatively shallowdepth, whereas Mg- and Al-rich eclogites dehydrate continuouslydown to greater depth. KEY WORDS: dehydration; eclogites; phase relations; THERMOCALC; UHP metamorphism; whiteschists  相似文献   

The Physico-Chemical Properties of a Subducted Slab from Garnet Zonation Patterns (Sesia Zone, Western Alps)   总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3  

KONRAD-SCHMOLKE  MATTHIAS; BABIST  JOCHEN; HANDY  MARK R.; O'BRIEN  PATRICK J. 《Journal of Petrology》2006,47(11):2123-2148

Garnets in continentally derived high-pressure (HP) rocks ofthe Sesia Zone (Western Alps) exhibit three different chemicalzonation patterns, depending on sample locality. Comparisonof observed garnet zonation patterns with thermodynamicallymodelled patterns shows that the different patterns are causedby differences in the water content of the subducted protolithsduring prograde metamorphism. Zonation patterns of garnets inwater-saturated host rocks show typical prograde chemical zonationswith steadily increasing pyrope content and increasing XMg,together with bell-shaped spessartine patterns. In contrast,garnets in water-undersaturated rocks have more complex zonationpatterns with a characteristic decrease in pyrope and XMg betweencore and inner rim. In some cases, garnets show an abrupt compositionalchange in core-to-rim profiles, possibly due to water-undersaturationprior to HP metamorphism. Garnets from both water-saturatedand water-undersaturated rocks show signs of intervening growthinterruptions and core resorption. This growth interruptionresults from bulk-rock depletion caused by fractional garnetcrystallization. The water content during burial influences significantly thephysical properties of the subducted rocks. Due to enhancedgarnet crystallization, water-undersaturated rocks, i.e. thoselacking a free fluid phase, become denser than their water-saturatedequivalents, facilitating the subduction of continental material.Although water-bearing phases such as phengite and epidote arestable up to eclogite-facies conditions in these rocks, dehydrationreactions during subduction are lacking in water-undersaturatedrocks up to the transition to the eclogite facies, due to thethermodynamic stability of such hydrous phases at high P–Tconditions. Our calculations show that garnet zonation patternsstrongly depend on the mineral parageneses stable during garnetgrowth and that certain co-genetic mineral assemblages causedistinct garnet zonation patterns. This observation enablesinterpretation of complex garnet growth zonation patterns interms of garnet-forming reactions and water content during HPmetamorphism, as well determination of detailed P–T paths. KEY WORDS: dehydration; high-pressure metamorphism; Sesia Zone; subduction; thermodynamic modelling  相似文献   

高温高压下含水矿物脱水对斜长岩纵波速度的影响   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

白利平  杜建国  刘巍  张文兰 《地质科技情报》2003,22(2):17-20

在1GPa、室温至880℃条件下对斜长岩的纵波速度进行了测量，并对实验产物进行了鉴定分析，讨论了含水矿物脱水对岩石纵波速度的影响。实验结果表明，在680℃左右，由于斜长岩中的含水矿物绢云母和黝帘石开始脱水，矿物脱水产生的流体及其所引起岩石结构的变化可使岩石纵波速度降低10％左右。这意味着通过矿物脱水这一机制可以形成壳内低速层。  相似文献