An experimental investigation of the effects of thawed soil depth on rill flow velocity     

Xiaofeng Gao  Xiaonan Shi  Tingwu Lei  Huaqing Liu  Jiahui Yang 《水文研究》2021,35(2):e14043

Water flow velocity is an important hydraulic variable in hydrological and soil erosion models, and is greatly affected by freezing and thawing of the surface soil layer in cold high-altitude regions. The accurate measurement of rill flow velocity when impacted by the thawing process is critical to simulate runoff and sediment transport processes. In this study, an electrolyte tracer modelling method was used to measure rill flow velocity along a meadow soil slope at different thaw depths under simulated rainfall. Rill flow velocity was measured using four thawed soil depths (0, 1, 2 and 10 cm), four slope gradients (5°, 10°, 15° and 20°) and four rainfall intensities (30, 60, 90 and 120 mm·h⁻¹). The results showed that the increase in thawed soil depth caused a decrease in rill flow velocity, whereby the rate of this decrease was also diminishing. Whilst the rill flow velocity was positively correlated with slope gradient and rainfall intensity, the response of rill flow velocity to these influencing factors varied with thawed soil depth. The mechanism by which thawed soil depth influenced rill flow velocity was attributed to the consumption of runoff energy, slope surface roughness, and the headcut effect. Rill flow velocity was modelled by thawed soil depth, slope gradient and rainfall intensity using an empirical function. This function predicted values that were in good agreement with the measured data. These results provide the foundation for a better understanding of the effect of thawed soil depth on slope hydrology, erosion and the parameterization scheme for hydrological and soil erosion models.  相似文献   

Impact of the sampling duration on the uncertainty of averaged velocity measurements with acoustic instruments     

Muste Marian  Jongmin Kim  Dongsu Kim 《水文研究》2021,35(4):e14125

Average velocity in streams is a key variable for the analysis and modelling of hydrological and hydraulic processes underpinning water resources science and practice. The present study evaluates the impact of the sampling duration on the quality of average velocity measurements acquired with contemporary instruments such as Acoustic Doppler Velocimeters (ADV) an Acoustic Doppler Current Profilers (ADCP). The evaluation combines considerations on turbulent flows and principles and configurations of acoustic instruments with practical experience in conducting customized analysis for uncertainty analysis purposes. The study sheds new insights on the spatial and temporal variability of the uncertainty in the measurement of average velocities due to variable sampling durations acting in isolation from other sources of uncertainties. Sampling durations of 90 and 150 s are found sufficient for ADV and ADCP, respectively, to obtain reliable average velocities in a flow affected only by natural turbulence and instrument noise. Larger sampling durations are needed for measurements in most of the natural streams exposed to additional sources of data variability.  相似文献   

利用爆破事件分析不同速度模型下常规定位方法定位结果     

李兴泉  吴朋  唐淋 《地震地磁观测与研究》2020,(1):25-32

地震定位对速度模型的依赖性很强.四川地区地形复杂,常规工作中可选取多种速度模型进行定位.川西龙门山断裂带为东南部四川盆地和西北部青藏高原东部山区的明显分界线,近年在此断裂带上发生多次较大地震.对发生在该断裂带附近的6个爆破事件和15个天然地震重新定位,并对比结果.研究表明,相同台站包围情况下,川滇3D速度模型稳定性最好,但对浅表爆破不太准确.相比HypoSat(一维速度模型)组合,台站分布对Hypo2000(一维速度模型)和Hypo2000(赵珠速度模型)组合的定位结果影响较大.  相似文献   

基于GPS和水准数据的微粒群算法联合反演祁连山北缘断裂三维滑动速率     

刘杰 《大地测量与地球动力学》2019,39(9):906-909

将微粒群算法与位错理论模型相结合，采用中国地壳运动观测网络提供的青藏高原地区2001~2004年GPS测量数据和2000~2006年水准测量数据，通过常规定权和附有相对权比的方法对祁连山北缘断裂的三维滑动速率进行联合反演，并与蚁群算法反演结果进行对比。结果表明，微粒群算法收敛速度快、稳定性高，结合经典位错理论模型，是一种可以有效求解断层三维滑动速率反演问题的优化算法，在大地测量反演领域极具应用潜力。  相似文献   

长江河口潮波传播机制及阈值效应分析   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

张先毅  黄竞争  杨昊  欧素英  刘锋  蔡华阳  杨清书 《海洋与湖沼》2019,50(4):788-798

河口潮波传播过程受沿程地形(如河宽辐聚、水深变化)及上游径流等诸多因素影响,时空变化复杂。径潮动力非线性相互作用研究有利于揭示河口潮波传播的动力学机制,对河口区水资源高效开发利用具有重要指导意义。本文基于2007—2009年长江河口沿程天生港、江阴、镇江、南京、马鞍山、芜湖的逐日高、低潮位数据及大通站日均流量数据,统计分析不同河段潮波衰减率与余水位坡度随流量的变化特征,结果表明潮波衰减率绝对值与余水位坡度随流量增大并不是单调递增,而是存在一个阈值流量和区域,对应潮波衰减效应的极大值。为揭示这一阈值现象,采用一维水动力解析模型对研究河段的潮波传播过程进行模拟。结果表明,潮波传播的阈值现象主要是由于洪季上游回水作用随流量加强,余水位及水深增大,导致河口辐聚程度减小,而余水位坡度为适应河口形状变化亦有所减小,从而形成相对应的阈值流量和区域。  相似文献   

2018年斐济M_W8.2深震:高频辐射过程和发生原因          下载免费PDF全文

张喆  许力生  杜海林 《地球物理学报》2019,62(11):4279-4289

2018年8月19日，在斐济东部海域563 km深处发生了一次M_W8.2地震.我们首先挑选位于美国阿拉斯加地区的131个宽频带台站构成台阵，选用垂直分量0.5~2 Hz的高频信号，利用广义台阵反投影技术对这次地震的破裂过程进行了成像，然后基于破裂速度对地震的辐射效率进行了估计.结果表明，这次地震总体上呈单侧破裂，破裂方位在3.0°左右，破裂总长度约51 km，持续时间22 s，平均破裂速度为2.5 km·s^-1.但能量释放有2次高峰，形成两次子事件.第一次为前10 s，峰值在7 s左右，破裂速度为2.9 km·s^-1，辐射效率为45%.第二次为10~22 s，峰值在15 s左右，破裂速度为1.6 km·s^-1，辐射效率为26%.结合震源位置、震源机制、破裂速度以及辐射效率，我们认为这次地震是由于俯冲板块前缘受到下部地幔物质上浮阻力引起的剪切失稳所致，起初板块内部的脆性破裂表现突出，致使辐射效率较高，后来震源处高温高压下的熔融耗散特征逐渐凸现，致使辐射效率下降.  相似文献   

Double-difference tomography of P- and S-wave velocity structure beneath the western part of Java,Indonesia     

Shindy Rosalia  Sri Widiyantoro  Andri Dian Nugraha  Pepen Supendi 《地震科学（英文版）》2019,32(1):12-25

West Java in the western part of the Sunda Arc has a relatively high seismicity due to subduction activity and faults. In this study, double-difference tomography was used to obtain the 3D velocity tomograms of P and S waves beneath the western part of Java. To infer the geometry of the structure beneath the study area, precise earthquake hypocenter determination was first performed before tomographic imaging. For this, earthquake waveform data were extracted from the regional Meteorological, Climatological, Geophysical Agency (BMKG) network of Indonesia from South Sumatra to Central Java. The P and S arrival times for about 1,000 events in the period April 2009 to July 2016 were selected, the key features being events of magnitude > 3, azimuthal gap < 210° and number of phases > 8. A nonlinear method using the oct-tree sampling algorithm from the NonLinLoc program was employed to determine the earthquake hypocenters. The hypocenter locations were then relocated using double-difference tomography (tomoDD). A significant reduction of travel-time (root mean square basis) and a better clustering of earthquakes were achieved which correlated well with the geological structure in West Java. Double-difference tomography was found to give a clear velocity structure, especially beneath the volcanic arc area, i.e., under Mt Anak Krakatau, Mt Salak and the mountains complex in the southern part of West Java. Low velocity anomalies for the P and S waves as well as the v_P/v_S ratio below the volcanoes indicated possible partial melting of the upper mantle which ascended from the subducted slab beneath the volcanic arc.  相似文献   

唐山地区波速比变化特征研究     

王亚茹  宋昭  刘晓丹  郭蕾  王妍  王时  宫猛  王想 《大地测量与地球动力学》2019,39(7):686-690

选取唐山地区2008~2018年震相数据，利用单台多震和达法和多台多震和达法分别计算波速比，结合研究区内的地震活动对波速比的变化特征进行研究。结果显示，多台多震和达法得到的波速比结果较为稳定，而单台多震和达法得到的结果变化幅度大，显示更多细节；唐山地区ML≥4.5地震发生前单台波速比存在不同程度的异常，异常台站的方位与地震具有一定的对应性。  相似文献   

太行山南端浅层速度结构成像和隐伏断裂探测   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

徐增波  刘保金  姬计法  鄷少英  袁洪克  谭雅丽  王宏伟 《大地测量与地球动力学》2019,39(1):88-92

利用太行山南端的深地震反射剖面数据，运用初至波层析成像方法反演得到该区域的浅层P波速度结构和基底面展布形态，发现剖面浅部的P波速度变化与沉积盖层厚度和断裂分布有着较好的对应关系。利用跨断裂完成的浅层地震反射剖面，对区域内2条第四纪隐伏活动断裂进行高分辨率成像。结果表明，汤西断裂为东倾的正断层，控制汤阴地堑的西边界，活动年代为中更新世；汤东断裂为西倾的正断层，是汤阴地堑的主控边界断裂，活动年代为晚更新世。  相似文献   

近断层速度脉冲与震源机制的关系浅析   总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0  

罗全波  陈学良  高孟潭  李宗超  李铁飞  张振 《震灾防御技术》2018,13(3):646-661

本文初步分析了近断层速度脉冲的成因和特点，主要包括方向性效应与滑冲效应，并通过中国台湾集集地震的脉冲记录，分析了断层破裂方向和位移大小等震源参数对脉冲强度的影响。此外，基于有限移动源理论，说明了断层辐射与速度脉冲分布的关系，并探讨了利用运动学震源模型研究近断层地震动对速度脉冲影响的技术路线；评述了7种典型的等效速度脉冲模型，建议进一步研究等效速度脉冲函数与震源机制之间的关系。最后，简述了不同类型的断层引起速度脉冲的差异，并推测了产生脉冲型地震动的下限条件，同时展望该研究在地震预警方面的可能性。  相似文献