无水硝酸镁制备过程中的水解特性          下载免费PDF全文

钟远  袁俊生  王敏  王怀有  李锦丽  冉广芬 《盐湖研究》2020,28(3):99-108

在槽式太阳能热发电领域,硝酸镁基熔盐逐渐引起关注。通过六水硝酸镁煅烧法制备无水硝酸镁,采用拉曼、DSC与XRD表征脱水产物,系统研究了环境压力、脱水温度与时间对六水硝酸镁脱水和水解的影响。结果表明,六水硝酸镁在煅烧过程中水解为碱式硝酸镁Mg_3(OH)_4(NO_3)_2,在水溶液中进一步分解为Mg(OH)_2。随着煅烧温度和时间的增加,脱水产物中的含水量逐渐减少,同时水解产物Mg_3(OH)_4(NO_3)_2含量逐渐增加。真空环境下煅烧,可显著降低硝酸镁的水解反应。六水硝酸镁在真空环境下230℃煅烧1.5 h,所制备的无水硝酸镁中水解产物含量为3.63%。制备的硝酸镁可进一步用于硝酸镁基熔盐的研究。  相似文献   

Muscovite dehydration melting: Reaction mechanisms,microstructures, and implications for anatexis     

Brendan Dyck  David J. Waters  Marc R. St-Onge  Mike P. Searle 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2020,38(1):29-52

Dehydration melting of muscovite in metasedimentary sequences is the initially dominant mechanism of granitic melt generation in orogenic hinterlands. In dry (vapour-absent) crust, muscovite reacts with quartz to produce K-feldspar, sillimanite, and monzogranitic melt. When water vapour is present in excess, sillimanite and melt are the primary products of muscovite breakdown, and any K-feldspar produced is due to melt crystallization. Here we document the reaction mechanisms that control nucleation and growth of K-feldspar, sillimanite, and silicate melt in the metamorphic core of the Himalaya, and outline the microstructural criteria used to distinguish peritectic K-feldspar from K-feldspar grains formed during melt crystallization. We have characterized four stages of microstructural evolution in selected psammitic and pelitic samples from the Langtang and Everest regions: (a) K-feldspar nucleates epitaxially on plagioclase while intergrowths of fibrolitic sillimanite and the remaining hydrous melt components replace muscovite. (b) In quartzofeldspathic domains, K-feldspar replaces plagioclase by K⁺–Na⁺ cation exchange, while melt and intergrowths of sillimanite+quartz form in the aluminous domains. (c) At 7–8 vol.% melt generation, the system evolves from a closed to open system and all phases coarsen by up to two orders of magnitude, resulting in large K-feldspar porphyroblasts. (d) Preferential crystallization of residual melt on K-feldspar porphyroblasts and coarsened quartz forms an augen gneiss texture with a monzogranitic-tonalitic matrix that contains intergrowths of sillimanite+tourmaline+muscovite+apatite. Initial poikiloblasts of peritectic K-feldspar trap fine-grained inclusions of quartz and biotite by replacement growth of matrix plagioclase. During subsequent coarsening, peritectic K-feldspar grains overgrow and trap fabric-aligned biotite, resulting in a core to rim coarsening of inclusion size. These microstructural criteria enable a mass balance of peritectic K-feldspar and sillimanite to constrain the amount of free H₂O present during muscovite dehydration. The resulting modal proportion of K-feldspar in the Himalayan metamorphic core requires vapour-absent conditions during muscovite dehydration melting and leucogranite formation, indicating that the generation of large volumes of granitic melts in orogenic belts is not necessarily contingent on an external source of fluids.  相似文献   

Metamorphic veining and mass transfer in a chemically closed system: a case study in Alpine metabauxites (western Vanoise)   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

B. GOFFÉ  F. BRUNET  C. POINSSOT  O. VIDAL  N. FINDLING  D. MENUT 《Journal of Metamorphic Geology》2011,29(3):275-300

In western Vanoise (French Alps), karstic pockets of Triassic‐to‐Jurassic metabauxites embedded in carbonate rocks and containing several generations of metamorphic veins were studied. During blueschist facies metamorphism, a cumulative amount of ～13 vol% of water is inferred to have been produced locally by successive dehydration reactions, and part of this fluid remained in the bauxitic lenses during most of the metamorphic cycle. Field and geochemical evidence show that these rocks have been isolated from large‐scale fluid flow (closed‐system behaviour). It is proposed that the internally derived fluid has promoted the opening of fluid‐filled open spaces (as attested by the euhedral habits of vein minerals) and served as medium for mass transfer from rock to vein. Indeed, the vein infill is obviously the result of chemical interactions, at the millimetre‐to‐centimetre scale, between the rock minerals and the locally produced aqueous fluid. Two vein types can be distinguished based on mineralogical and textural features: (i) some veins are filled with newly formed products of either prograde (chloritoid) or retrograde (chlorite) metamorphic reactions; in this case, fluid‐filled open spaces seem to offer energetically favourable nucleation/growth sites; (ii) the second vein type is infilled with cookeite or pyrophyllite, that were present in the host rock prior to the vein formation. In this closed chemical system, the components for the vein infill minerals have been transferred from rock to vein through the fluid, in a dissolution–transport–precipitation process, possibly stress‐assisted. These different vein generations all contain Al‐rich mineral infills, suggesting that Al was a mobile element (cm scale) during metamorphism. In these HP rocks, fluid flow may have been restricted, and if so mass transfer occurred by diffusion in an almost stagnant fluid. Metamorphic veins can be seen as witnesses of fluid and mass redistribution that partly accommodate the rock deformation (lateral segregation).  相似文献   

俯冲带地震诱发机制:研究进展综述   总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4  

邵同宾  嵇少丞 《地质论评》2015,61(2):245-268

俯冲带作为地球循环体系的关键部位,具有构造活跃、地震多发以及地质条件复杂等特征。基于震源位置,俯冲带地震既可划分为板间和板内地震,也可分为浅源、中源和深源地震。俯冲带内的浅源地震包括板间地震和浅源板内地震,而中源和深源地震皆属于板内地震。在地球浅部,温度与压力低,浅源地震是由岩石发生脆性破裂或沿着先存断层发生不稳定摩擦滑移造成的。随着深度增加,温度和压力的增加使得流行于浅部的脆性和摩擦行为在无水条件下被强烈抑制,岩石从而表现为可抑制地震的韧性行为,使得中-深源地震的诱发机制有别于常规的脆性行为。随着研究的逐渐深入,人们了解到中源地震的诱发机制主要是脱水或与流体相关的致脆以及塑性剪切失稳,而深源地震的成因主要是相变致裂。然而,中-深源地震很可能是两种或两种以上机制共同作用的结果。例如,在中源深度既可能是流体相关的致脆导致脱水源区的脆性围岩产生地震,亦可能是脱水的蛇纹岩本身可能在流体孔隙压的作用下作粘滑滑移,而前者比后者更为重要。孕震带宽度大于"反裂隙模型"预测的亚稳态橄榄石冷核宽度的深源地震可能是由第一阶段的相变致裂和第二阶段的塑性剪切失稳诱发,而孕震带的实际宽度与预测宽度相当的深源地震则可能仅由相变致裂引起。只要过渡带内名义无水矿物中的结构水能释放出来,脱水致脆同样可能触发一些深源地震;而塑性剪切失稳不仅能在中-深源地震触发后的扩展阶段起着主导作用,而且还能单独触发一些中-深源地震,因此能够解释大多数反复发生的中-深源地震活动。  相似文献   

Overwintering of terrestrial Arctic arthropods: the fauna of Svalbard now and in the future     

María Luisa Ávila-Jiménez  Stephen J. Coulson  Torstein Solhøy  & Anna Sjöblom 《Polar research》2010,29(1):127-137

There are over 500 species of arthropods recorded from Svalbard. These animals overwinter either within the soil or on the ground surface, and have to tolerate an environment where the ground is frozen for over 9 months each year. Three cold-tolerance strategies have been described from Svalbard invertebrates: freeze avoidance, freeze tolerance and desiccation. Once in a cold-tolerant state the animals can be extremely cold tolerant in terms of both minimum exposure temperature and period of exposure. How the overwintering capabilities of these animals will be affected by climate changes during the next 100 years, as predicted by climate models, is not yet known. Four principle factors with an impact on overwintering of the terrestrial arthropod fauna are outlined here: (1) warmer winter temperatures, with an increased frequency of extreme events such as freeze–thaw cycles and surface icing; (2) changes in snow fall and snow lie; (3) pollutant load; and (4) dispersal of invertebrates to Svalbard. Finally, areas where further research is required are highlighted: including the development of controlled multi-season field experiments; effect of freeze–thaw cycles; changes in thickness and distribution of snow lie, with the subsequent effects on duration of the summer period; chill susceptibility of soil arthropods; assessing potential colonizing species and the likelihood of these species becoming established; assessing the effect of gene flow from surrounding populations; interactions between pollution and cold tolerance; anoxia stress; and the genetics of cold tolerance.  相似文献   

内蒙古贺根山蛇纹岩化流体来源的H-O-B同位素地球化学制约   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

龙雄志  郭锋  赵亮  章清文  吴扬名 《大地构造与成矿学》2017,41(3):590-603

对内蒙古贺根山蛇绿岩带内3个采样点的蛇纹岩样品开展了主量、微量元素和H-O-B同位素分析,以揭示其构造属性、蛇纹石化温度和流体来源。贺根山蛇纹岩具有低Al_2O_3含量(0.2%~1.3%)、高Mg~#(89~92)特征,为难熔地幔残余。蛇纹岩的U型稀土元素配分模式、相对富集LILE和亏损HFSE的微量元素地球化学特点,反映其原岩为化学成分高度亏损的俯冲带型(SSZ)超基性岩。样品的dD值相对均一(dD=-120‰~-133‰);理论计算显示,这些蛇纹岩的H同位素组成可能是蛇绿岩剥露地表后与区域大气降水发生再平衡作用的结果。贺根山蛇纹岩的d~(18)O变化在4.3‰~9.8‰之间,反映不同地点蛇纹石化的温度存在差别:其中贺根山东样品具有相对较高的d~(18)O值(d~(18)O=7.7‰~9.8‰),蛇纹石化温度为90~130℃,同时部分样品中出现碳酸盐矿物,表明蛇纹石化作用发生在近海底环境;小坝梁样品具有最低的d~(18)O值(d~(18)O=4.3‰~5.0‰),其蛇纹石化温度在205~235℃之间;贺根山南样品的d~(18)O值变化范围较大(d~(18)O=6.0‰~9.7‰),其蛇纹石化温度在90~170℃之间。3个采样点蛇纹岩的d~(11)B值也显示出一定的变化(d~(11)B=9.1‰~14.7‰),指示蛇纹石化流体来源于脱水的蚀变洋壳和海底沉积物;理论模拟和计算结果显示,这些板片流体的d~(11)B值变化在15‰~25‰之间。  相似文献   

铁含量对滑石脱水动力学的影响及其地质意义     

张瑞鑫  易丽  刘红  杨思宇 《地质通报》2017,36(6):1051-1055

在常压下研究了2种不同铁含量滑石的原位X射线衍射高温脱水反应。选取粒径2~5μm的2种不同铁含量的滑石样品,在常压、空气氛围下进行了同步辐射原位X射线衍射脱水实验。实验结果表明,铁含量高的滑石脱水温度明显偏低,2个滑石样品在常压下发生明显脱水反应的温度相差达127℃以上。滑石在常压下的脱水动力机制为随机成核和生长机制,符合Avrami方程。将实验数据拟合Avrami方程得出:n=1.669。由实验结果可以推测,不同铁含量的滑石脱水深度可能有几十到上百千米的差别,研究铁含量与滑石脱水动力的相关性对于了解俯冲带浅-中源地震的成因机制具有重要意义。  相似文献   

膏盐脱水在盐底辟发育过程中的作用分析-以东营凹陷为例     

孙祥飞  陈勇  王成军  王鑫涛 《地质力学学报》2014,20(4):446-454

基于国内外已经取得的盐构造研究成果, 根据东营凹陷盐构造的发育特征, 指出流体在盐构造发育过程的重要作用。东营凹陷沙四段含有大量膏盐和含膏地层, 根据岩心、测井和地震等资料分析了东营凹陷盐构造特征。由于膏盐脱水作用会导致地层内部产生异常高压, 而异常高压可以作为动力迫使流体向上流动继而在上覆地层产生水压力裂缝, 流体上涌过程中可以带动盐类物质向上运动, 因此认为膏盐脱水对盐构造形成发育有重要作用。基于膏盐脱水和超压流体作用, 建立了东营凹陷沙四段盐底辟构造发展史模型, 分析了东营凹陷盐构造在流体作用下形成发育过程, 结果表明膏盐脱水在盐构造发育初期和中期具有重要作用。   相似文献   

单点击实法击实试验研究     

朱崇辉  王增红  希罗科夫B.H. 《岩土力学》2012,33(1):60-64

在国内现行的各类土工试验规程中,5点击实法是最基本的土工击实试验方法,具有用土量大、费时、费力,而且试验数据处理麻烦等缺陷。为了克服这些缺陷,采用静压脱湿试验法,对人工配制含水率,而且含水率高于该土的塑限含水率的不同土样进行脱湿。试验结果表明：各土样脱湿后的含水率具有稳定在标准击实功下该土最优含水率以下某一稳定水平的特点。由此提出：可将需要击实的土样先脱湿,得出土样脱湿后的含水率,再乘以有关系数求得土的最优含水率,直接对最优含水率下的土体进行标准击实功单点击实,从而快速准确地获得该土的最优含水率和最大干密度。通过对比试验验证,单点击实法不但简单、快速,而且具有足够的可靠性。  相似文献   

Dissecting large earthquakes in Japan: Role of arc magma and fluids     

Dapeng  Zhao  M. Santosh    Akira  Yamada 《Island Arc》2010,19(1):4-16

We synthesized information from recent high-resolution tomographic studies of large crustal earthquakes which occurred in the Japanese Islands during 1995–2008. Prominent anomalies of low-velocity and high Poisson's ratio are revealed in the crust and uppermost mantle beneath the mainshock hypocenters, which may reflect arc magma and fluids that are produced by a combination of subducting slab dehydration and corner flow in the mantle wedge. Distribution of 164 crustal earthquakes ( M 5.7–8.0) that occurred in Japan during 1885–2008 also shows a correlation with the distribution of low-velocity zones in the crust and uppermost mantle. A qualitative model is proposed to explain the geophysical observations recorded so far in Japan. We consider that the nucleation of a large earthquake is not entirely a mechanical process, but is closely related to the subduction dynamics and physical and chemical properties of materials in the crust and upper mantle; in particular, the arc magma and fluids.  相似文献