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1.
Severe weather affecting European transport systems: the identification,classification and frequencies of events 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Andrea Vajda Heikki Tuomenvirta Ilkka Juga Pertti Nurmi Pauli Jokinen Jenni Rauhala 《Natural Hazards》2014,72(1):169-188
Severe weather can have serious repercussions in the transport sector as a whole by increasing the number of accidents, injuries and other damage, as well as leading to highly increased travel times. This study, a component of the EU FP7 Project EWENT, delineates a Europe-wide climatology of adverse and extreme weather events that can be expected to affect the transport network. We first define and classify the relevant severe weather events by investigating the effects of hazardous conditions on different transportation modes and the infrastructure. Consideration is given to individual phenomena such as snowfall, heavy precipitation, heat waves, cold spells, wind gusts; a combined phenomenon, the blizzard, is also considered. The frequency of severe weather events, together with the changes in their spatial extension and intensity, is analyzed based on the E-OBS dataset (1971–2000) and the ERA-Interim reanalysis dataset (1989–2010). Northern Europe and the Alpine region are the areas most impacted by winter extremes, such as snowfall, cold spells and winter storms, the frequency of heavy snowfall. The frequency of hot days is highest in Southern Europe. Severe winds and blizzards are the most common over the Atlantic and along its shores. Although heavy rainfall may affect the whole continent on an annual basis, extreme precipitation events are relative sparse, affecting particularly the Alps and the Atlantic coastline. A European regionalization covering similar impacts on the transport network is performed. 相似文献
2.
Jerry Edelstein Stuart Bowyer Eric J. Korpela Michael Lampton JoaquÍn Trapero José F. Gómez Carmen Morales Veronica Orozco 《Astrophysics and Space Science》2001,276(1):177-185
The hot interstellar medium (ISM) has far-reaching effect upon thestructure of galaxies. Although ISM heating processes are fairly wellunderstood, after decades of study, the processes that cool the hotinterstellar medium remain obscure. The EURD spectrograph was designed tomeasure the diffuse cosmic background from 350 to 1100 Å in order tostudy the hot ISM and the mechanisms by which it sheds its energy. Wepresent the first analysis of EURD observations of the cosmic background.These EURD observations have proven to be far more sensitive than previouswork; compared to previous results, we have improved the limits to theintensity of 450 to 900 Å line emission from the ISM by one to twoorders of magnitude. Our limit to OVI 1032 Å / 1038 Å doublet of 7900ph s-1 cm-2 str-1 is the lowest yet reported. The EURDlimits to line emission are less intense than predicted by a varietytheoretical models of the local ISM. 相似文献
3.
Mira Markovaara-Koivisto Antti E.K. Ojala Jussi Mattila Ilmo Kukkonen Ilkka Aro Arto Pullinen Pekka Hänninen Maarit Middleton Aleksi Sutinen Juha Majaniemi Timo Ruskeeniemi Raimo Sutinen 《地球表面变化过程与地形》2020,45(12):3011-3024
The cyclic nature of glaciations and related postglacial faulting represents a risk for the deep geological disposal of spent nuclear fuel in areas likely to be affected by future glaciations. Seismic history was therefore studied by means of detecting geomorphological structures on airborne laser scanning digital elevation models and underground by excavating in an esker and trenching across a postglacial fault located in northern Fennoscandia. OLS dating and assessing the geomorphological structures was used for timing of the seismic history. The results suggest that the faulting of different segments in the Pasmajärvi complex is due to at least two late Weichselian events, which probably occurred both subglacially and postglacially. The most reliable input for the moment magnitude estimates was vertical slip profiles, and therefore these estimates (MW ≈ 6.4–6.9) are suggested. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
4.
Bjørn Kløve Hanne Margrethe Lund Kvitsand Tarja Pitkänen Maria J. Gunnarsdottir Sylvi Gaut Sigurdur M. Gardarsson Pekka M. Rossi Ilkka Miettinen 《Hydrogeology Journal》2017,25(4):1033-1044
The characteristics of groundwater systems and groundwater contamination in Finland, Norway and Iceland are presented, as they relate to outbreaks of disease. Disparities among the Nordic countries in the approach to providing safe drinking water from groundwater are discussed, and recommendations are given for the future. Groundwater recharge is typically high in autumn or winter months or after snowmelt in the coldest regions. Most inland aquifers are unconfined and therefore vulnerable to pollution, but they are often without much anthropogenic influence and the water quality is good. In coastal zones, previously emplaced marine sediments may confine and protect aquifers to some extent. However, the water quality in these aquifers is highly variable, as the coastal regions are also most influenced by agriculture, sea-water intrusion and urban settlements resulting in challenging conditions for water abstraction and supply. Groundwater is typically extracted from Quaternary deposits for small and medium municipalities, from bedrock for single households, and from surface water for the largest cities, except for Iceland, which relies almost entirely on groundwater for public supply. Managed aquifer recharge, with or without prior water treatment, is widely used in Finland to extend present groundwater resources. Especially at small utilities, groundwater is often supplied without treatment. Despite generally good water quality, microbial contamination has occurred, principally by norovirus and Campylobacter, with larger outbreaks resulting from sewage contamination, cross-connections into drinking water supplies, heavy rainfall events, and ingress of polluted surface water to groundwater. 相似文献
5.
J. L. Bertaux E. Kyrölä E. Quémerais R. Pellinen R. Lallement W. Schmidt M. Berthé E. Dimarellis J. P. Goutail C. Taulemesse C. Bernard G. Leppelmeier T. Summanen H. Hannula H. Huomo V. Kehlä S. Korpela K. Leppälä E. Strömmer J. Torsti K. Viherkanto J. F. Hochedez G. Chretiennot R. Peyroux T. Holzer 《Solar physics》1995,162(1-2):403-439
On board the SOHO spacecraft poised at L1 Lagrange point, the SWAN instrument is mainly devoted to the measurement of large scale structures of the solar wind, and in particular the distribution with heliographic latitude of the solar wind mass flux. This is obtained from an intensity map of the sky Lyman emission, which reflects the shape of the ionization cavity carved in the flow of interstellar H atoms by the solar wind. The methodology, inversion procedure and related complications are described. The subject of latitude variation of the solar wind is shortly reviewed: earlier Lyman results from Prognoz in 1976 are confirmed by Ulysses. The importance of the actual value of the solar wind mass flux for the equation of dynamics in a polar coronal hole is stressed. The instrument is composed of one electronic unit commanding two identical Sensor Units, each of them allowing to map a full hemisphere with a resolution of 1°, thanks to a two-mirrors periscope system. The design is described in some details, and the rationale for choice between several variants are discussed. A hydrogen absorption cell is used to measure the shape of the interplanetary Lyman line and other Lyman emissions. Other types of observations are also discussed : the geocorona, comets (old and new), the solar corona, and a possible signature of the heliopause. The connexion with some other SOHO instruments, in particular LASCO, UVCS, SUMER, is briefly discussed. 相似文献
6.
On the mean zonal and meridional circulations and the flux of moisture in the northern hemisphere during the summer season 总被引：6，自引：0，他引：6
Summary The mean zonal and meridional wind components of the northern hemisphere at different pressure levels for the summer season June–August have been determined and the mean meridional mass circulation has been computed as a function of latitude. From the mass circulation the meridional flux of moisture is computed for the latitudinal belt 0°–45° N. Using the horizontal divergence of this flux the average difference between precipitation and evapotranspiration from the earth's surface is evaluated. 相似文献
7.
Andrew Tworkowski Reza Tavakol Axel Brandenburg John M. Brooke David Moss & Ilkka Tuominen 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》1998,296(2):287-295
Axisymmetric mean-field dynamo models in spherical shells are shown to be capable of producing temporally intermittent behaviour. This is of potential importance since (i) it is, as far as we are aware, the first time such behaviour has been produced internally by a mean-field dynamo model in a spherical shell, without requiring any additional assumptions or truncations, and (ii) it may be characteristic of the type of behaviour observed in the long-term record of solar activity, such as Maunder minima. We also show that these types of behaviour persist when the functional form of the alpha quenching is altered and also occur over intervals of the shell thickness and the dynamo number. 相似文献
8.
Linkin V Harri AM Lipatov A Belostotskaja K Derbunovich B Ekonomov A Khloustova L Kremnev R Makarov V Martinov B Nenarokov D Prostov M Pustovalov A Shustko G Jarvinen I Kivilinna H Korpela S Kumpulainen K Lehto A Pellinen R Pirjola R Riihela P Salminen A Schmidt W McKay CP 《Planetary and Space Science》1998,46(6-7):717-737
A mission to Mars including two Small Stations, two Penetrators and an Orbiter was launched at Baikonur, Kazakhstan, on 16 November 1996. This was called the Mars-96 mission. The Small Stations were expected to land in September 1997 (Ls approximately 178 degrees), nominally to Amazonis-Arcadia region on locations (33 N, 169.4 W) and (37.6 N, 161.9 W). The fourth stage of the Mars-96 launcher malfunctioned and hence the mission was lost. However, the state of the art concept of the Small Station can be applied to future Martian lander missions. Also, from the manufacturing and performance point of view, the Mars-96 Small Station could be built as such at low cost, and be fairly easily accommodated on almost any forthcoming Martian mission. This is primarily due to the very simple interface between the Small Station and the spacecraft. The Small Station is a sophisticated piece of equipment. With the total available power of approximately 400 mW the Station successfully supports an ambitious scientific program. The Station accommodates a panoramic camera, an alpha-proton-x-ray spectrometer, a seismometer, a magnetometer, an oxidant instrument, equipment for meteorological observations, and sensors for atmospheric measurement during the descent phase, including images taken by a descent phase camera. The total mass of the Small Station with payload on the Martian surface, including the airbags, is only 32 kg. Lander observations on the surface of Mars combined with data from Orbiter instruments will shed light on the contemporary Mars and its evolution. As in the Mars-96 mission, specific science goals could be exploration of the interior and surface of Mars, investigation of the structure and dynamics of the atmosphere, the role of water and other materials containing volatiles and in situ studies of the atmospheric boundary layer processes. To achieve the scientific goals of the mission the lander should carry a versatile set of instruments. The Small Station accommodates devices for atmospheric measurements, geophysical and geochemical studies of the Martian surface and interior, and cameras for descent phase and panoramic views. These instruments would be able to contribute remarkably to the process of solving some of the scientific puzzles of Mars. 相似文献
9.
Velocities of upper-mantle P waves (Pn) generated by large shallow earthquakes in the Japan area have been studied by the time-term method in three areas of the Japanese islands. Data reported from routinely recording seismic stations, grouped to act as elongated arrays, were used. The velocities observed correspond to the P-wave velocity in the top layer of the mantle. For a region in southwestern Japan not spanned by active volcanoes the value obtained was 8.0 km/s, while for central Japan and on northern Honshu Island the corresponding values were as low as 7.6–7.7 km/s. After allowance for the influence of systematic earthquake mislocation, the probable error of the measurements is estimated not to exceed 0.1 km/s. The differences in P-wave velocity are attributable to the regional variation of subcrustal temperature in Japan reported by Uyeda and Horai, with high temperatures and low velocities in the volcanic zone.The time terms tend to be larger on the Japan Sea side than on the Pacific side of the Japanese islands. We suggest that this is due to an increase in P velocity in the mantle towards the Pacific, perpendicular to our profiles of measurement. 相似文献
10.
Changes in the duration of the photosynthetically active period strongly influence the changes in the carbon sequestration potential of boreal forests under climatic warming. In this paper, current theories on the effects of environmental variables such as spring air and soil temperature, photoperiod and chilling temperatures on the timing and initiation of photosynthesis in boreal deciduous and coniferous trees are discussed. Different dynamic phenological modeling approaches are reviewed, and model simulations are utilized to demonstrate model predictions under changing climatic conditions. A process-based forest ecosystem model is applied to estimate the relative importance of the duration of the photosynthetically active period on the amount of annual gross primary production and net primary production of boreal coniferous forests. All applied modeling approaches predict an increasing duration of the photosynthetically active period as a result of climatic warming. However, the magnitude of the response to increasing temperature varies between models and therefore affects the predictions of the changes in production. 相似文献