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CH4和N2O作为主要温室气体,自工业革命以来排放量急剧增加,已经被列入《京都议定书》要求控制它们的排放。本文利用高光谱分辨率的辐射传输模式,计算了CH4、N2O在晴空大气和有云大气条件下的瞬时辐射效率和平流层调整的辐射效率,以及它们的全球增温潜能(GWP)和全球温变潜能(GTP),并根据模式结果拟合了CH4和N2O的辐射强迫的简单计算公式。本文的研究表明:CH4和N2O在有云大气下的平流层调整的辐射效率分别为4.142×10-4 W m-2 ppb-1和3.125×10-3 W m-2 ppb-1 (1ppb=10-9),经大气寿命调整后的辐射效率分别为3.732×10-4 W m-2 ppb-1和2.987×10-3 W m-2 ppb-1,与IPCC(2007)的相应结果高度一致。CH4和N2O 100年的全球增温潜能GWP分别为16和266;100年的脉冲排放的全球温变潜能GTPP分别为0.24和233;持续排放的全球温变潜能GTPS分别为18和268。它们在未来全球变暖和气候变化中,影响仅次于CO2,仍然起着非常关键的作用。 相似文献
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为有效应对暴雨灾害,保障城市安全,郑州市气象局建立了递进式预报预警响应联动工作机制,明确叫应标准、叫应对象和叫应规则,确定了预报预警信息的发布标准、主要内容、发送方式、接收对象和应急联动处置;建立了暴雨天气递进式预报预警服务流程,按照预防、准备、响应、复盘4个环节开展决策气象服务。在预防环节和准备环节,按照“131631”服务模式提供递进式气象服务产品,即（1）提前一周给出高影响天气和风险提示;（2）提前3d预测暴雨天气过程;（3）提前1 d预测精细到县区的暴雨落区;（4）提前6 h预测暴雨演变趋势;（5）提前3 h订正暴雨演变趋势和发布预警信号;（6）提前1 h给出精细到县区的定量降水预报。在响应环节建立健全气象内部响应和与外部门联动工作机制,保证气象服务工作规范有序,部门间的应急响应联动顺畅。在复盘总结环节制定暴雨天气过程的复盘标准,明确预报技术和决策服务复盘总结的重点内容。通过建立暴雨天气个例库和决策经验库,为决策气象服务提供参考依据。 相似文献
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New estimations of radiative forcing due to CO2 were calculated using updated concentration data of CO2 and a high-resolution radiative transfer model. The stratospheric adjusted radiative forcing (ARF) due to CO2 from the year 1750 to the updated year of 2010 was found to have increased to 1.95 Wm－2, which was 17% larger than that of the IPCCs 4th Assessment Report because of the rapid increase in CO2 concentrations since 2005. A new formula is proposed to accurately describe the relationship between the ARF of CO2 and its concentration. Furthermore, according to the relationship between the ARF and surface temperature change, possible changes in equilibrium surface temperature were estimated under the scenarios that the concentration of CO2 increases to 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5 and 4 times that of the concentration in the year 2008. The result was values of +2.2℃, +3.8℃, +5.1℃, +6.2℃, +7.1℃ and +8.0℃ respectively, based on a middle－level climate sensitivity parameter of 0.8 K (Wm－2)－1, Non－equilibrium surface temperature changes over the next 500 years were also calculated under two kinds of emission scenarios (pulsed and sustained emissions) as a comparison, according to the Absolute Global Temperature change Potential (AGTP) of CO2. Results showed that CO2 will likely continue to contribute to global warming if no emission controls are imposed, and the effect on the Earth－atmosphere system will be difficult to restore to its original level. 相似文献
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