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1.
A statistical study of pressure changes in the troposphere and lower stratosphere after strong solar flares 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Summary The average change in height of several constant pressure levels in the troposphere and lower stratosphere after a strong solar flare is described. The analysis covers the northern hemisphere north of 10°N and is based on a sample of 81 carefully selected flares from the period July 1957 through December 1959.The statistical significance of the results is tested by drawing a comparison with the results obtained when one applies exactly the same analysis to three samples of 81 random key-dates selected from the same period.Properties of the reaction pattern are (1) it is pronounced at high as well as low latitudes, (2) it consists of alternating cells of positive and negative height change, (3) it is established within six hours after the flare, and (4) the maximum response occurs near the tropopause.It appears more likely that the atmospheric reaction pattern can be attributed to very energetic solar particles rather than to enhanced ultraviolet radiation. 相似文献
2.
The balance conditions of relative angular momentum and time-mean kinetic energy and their annual variations are studied for the Northern Hemisphere tropical belt. The belt is divided into two roughly equal size parts, the monsoon and the extramonsoon regions. The data used consist of all available daily rawinsonde reports from the world areological network for the two 5-year periods 1958–63 and 1968–73.In winter, the trade winds in the monsoon and extramonsoon regions are both sources of westerly relative angular momentum for the middle latitude circulation. However, it is found that the angular momentum gained in the extramonsoon region of the Tropics is mostly destroyed by a net southward flow of mass in that region, and becomes regenerated in the monsoon region by a net northward flow of mass there. This excess of angular momentum together with the angular momentum picked up locally in the monsoon region is almost all exported across its northern boundary. It is further found that in winter the Tropics are also an important source of mean kinetic energy for middle latitudes. Again almost all export of kinetic energy was found to take place across the northern boundary of the monsoon sector. Most of this energy must be generated through the pressure gradient term inside the monsoon region itself, the transformation from transient eddy kinetic energy being very small. The proper evaluation of the pressure gradient appears to be the main stumbling block in the present study, preventing us from estimating the generation and thereby, as a residual, the frictional dissipation in the two regions.In summer, the extramonsoon region remains a source of angular momentum, but the monsoon region with its surface westerlies acts as a sink, leading to a sharp reduction (and even a midsummer reversal) of the export into middle latitudes. Also the export of mean kinetic energy almost vanishes in summer, except for a small southward transfer across the equator. The calculations for two 5-year periods give very similar estimates and thereby show the reliability of the results.Parts of this paper were presented at the International Symposium on Monsoons, March 7–12, 1977 in New Delhi, India. 相似文献
3.
We present a comparison of the zonal mean meridional circulations derived from monthly in situ data (i.e. radiosondes and
ship reports) and from the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis product. To facilitate the interpretation of the results, a third estimate
of the mean meridional circulation is produced by subsampling the reanalysis at the locations where radiosonde and surface
ship data are available for the in situ calculation. This third estimate, known as the subsampled estimate, is compared to
the complete reanalysis estimate to assess biases in conventional, in situ estimates of the Hadley circulation associated
with the sparseness of the data sources (i.e., radiosonde network). The subsampled estimate is also compared to the in situ
estimate to assess the biases introduced into the reanalysis product by the numerical model, initialization process and/or
indirect data sources such as satellite retrievals. The comparisons suggest that a number of qualitative differences between
the in situ and reanalysis estimates are mainly associated with the sparse sampling and simplified interpolation schemes associated
with in situ estimates. These differences include: (1) a southern Hadley cell that consistently extends up to 200 hPa in the
reanalysis, whereas the bulk of the circulation for the in situ and subsampled estimates tends to be confined to the lower
half of the troposphere, (2) more well-defined and consistent poleward limits of the Hadley cells in the reanalysis compared
to the in-situ and subsampled estimates, and (3) considerably less variability in magnitude and latitudinal extent of the
Ferrel cells and southern polar cell exhibited in the reanalysis estimate compared to the in situ and subsampled estimates.
Quantitative comparison shows that the subsampled estimate, relative to the reanalysis estimate, produces a stronger northern
Hadley cell (∼20%), a weaker southern Hadley cell (∼20–60%), and weaker Ferrel cells in both hemispheres. These differences
stem from poorly measured oceanic regions which necessitate significant interpolation over broad regions. Moreover, they help
to pinpoint specific shortcomings in the present and previous in situ estimates of the Hadley circulation. Comparisons between
the subsampled and in situ estimates suggest that the subsampled estimate produces a slightly stronger Hadley circulation
in both hemispheres, with the relative differences in some seasons as large as 20–30%. 6These differences suggest that the
mean meridional circulation associated with the NCEP/NCAR reanalysis is more energetic than observations suggest. Examination
of ENSO-related changes to the Hadley circulation suggest that the in situ and subsampled estimates significantly overestimate
the effects of ENSO on the Hadley circulation due to the reliance on sparsely distributed data. While all three estimates
capture the large-scale region of low-level equatorial convergence near the dateline that occurs during El Nino, the in situ
and subsampled estimates fail to effectively reproduce the large-scale areas of equatorial mass divergence to the west and
east of this convergence area, leading to an overestimate of the effects of ENSO on the zonal mean circulation.
Received: 16 September 1998 / Accepted: 22 April 1999 相似文献
4.
Data sharing over the internet is increasingly efficient and increasingly anonymous. This growing anonymity makes it difficult
for data users to exchange feedback: interesting ideas, innovations, ancillary data, concerns about data quality, etcetera.
For data producers not knowing the end-users makes it more difficult to collect end-user feedback and tailor the production
process to users needs. Feedback can be exchanged through social networks, in other words contacts with other users. Very
little is known about such social networks in the case of data sharing. In this paper we present an analysis of the social
networks associated with two land cover datasets. We found that most users have zero to two links to other users and virtually
no links to users in other her organisations. Without these links, it seems almost impossible to identify users of a particular
dataset. Internet technology can help but is currently not used to enhance exchange of feedback within the user community. 相似文献
5.
DJ Karoly JA Cohen GA Meehl JFB Mitchell AH Oort RJ Stouffer RT Wetherald 《Climate Dynamics》1994,10(1-2):97-105
As an example of the technique of fingerprint detection of greenhouse climate change, a multivariate signal or fingerprint of the enhanced greenhouse effect is defined using the zonal mean atmospheric temperature change as a function of height and latitude between equilibrium climate model simulations with control and doubled CO2 concentrations. This signal is compared with observed atmospheric temperature variations over the period 1963 to 1988 from radiosonde-based global analyses. There is a significant increase of this greenhouse signal in the observational data over this period.These results must be treated with caution. Upper air data are available for a short period only, possibly too short to be able to resolve any real greenhouse climate change. The greenhouse fingerprint used in this study may not be unique to the enhanced greenhouse effect and may be due to other forcing mechanisms. However, it is shown that the patterns of atmospheric temperature change associated with uniform global increases of sea surface temperature, with El NinoSouthern Oscillation events and with decreases of stratospheric ozone concentrations individually are different from the greenhouse fingerprint used here. 相似文献
6.
New evidence for a relation between wind stress and wave age from measurements during ASGAMAGE 总被引：7，自引：0，他引：7
Data from the 1996 ASGAMAGE experiment, performed in the southern North Sea at research platform Meetpost Noordwijk (MPN), are analysed for the parameters affecting the momentum flux. The stress turns out to be quadratically related to the 10-m wind speed and linearly to the wind speed at a wavelength related level. The Charnock parameter (dimensionless roughness length) shows a pronounced correlation with wave age. This implies, due to a coupling between wave age and the steepness of the waves, a connection between the stress and the steepness. We find that our North Sea results are consistent withopen ocean observations. For a given wind speed the mean stress at MPN turns out to be higher because the wave age there is in general lower. We define and give an expression for a drag coefficient at a wavelength related level that can be calculated straightforwardly from the wave age and then reduced to a standard level. 相似文献
7.
Reconstructing the geomorphic evolution of large coastal dunes along the southeastern shore of Lake Michigan 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Coastal dunes are common along the eastern shore of Lake Michigan, with the most common being large (>30 m high), parabolic dunes that mantle lake terraces south of Manistee, MI. Although these dunes are an important resource in Michigan, and thus intensely managed by various state agencies, their geomorphic history is poorly understood. This study examines four sites near Holland, MI, through stratigraphic and radiocarbon analyses and is the most detailed geomorphic reconstruction conducted of coastal parabolic dunes in the region. Results from this study could benefit the environmental agencies in their management of the coastal dune ecosystem.Deposition of Eolian sand apparently began 5500 cal. years BP (i.e., during the Nipissing high stand). Most (75%) dune building occurred between 4000 and 2500 cal. years BP but was punctuated by brief periods of stability that resulted in the development of Entisols (A/C horizonation). Entisol burial occurred because the sand supply apparently increased during both the receding and rising lake levels. Subsequently, each dune stabilized for 2000 years, allowing the formation of Inceptisols (i.e., A/E/Bs/C horizonation). This interval of dune stability correlates with sites south of Holland and occurred while Lake Michigan fluctuated slowly and the beach potentially prograded. These combined variables of slow fluctuation and potential beach progradation hypothetically protected the dunes from wave erosion. Dunes near Holland became active again 1000–500 cal. years BP and grew both vertically and laterally. This activity intensified in the past 500 cal. years BP and hypothetically occurred due to recession of the lake shore such that wave erosion at the modern bluff base resumed. Results from this study indicate that coastal dunes along Lake Michigan are similar to many coastal dunes around the world, including those along the intermediate beaches in SE Australia. 相似文献
8.
Christelle Dère Isabelle Lamy Folkert van Oort Denis Baize Sophie Cornu 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2006,338(8):565-573
Raw wastewaters were massively spread on sandy luvisols near Paris from 1899 to 2002, leading to high trace metals (TM) pollution of soils. Mass balance calculations were performed on a soil profile to assess vertical migration of TM. The contamination was estimated by subtracting the natural pedo-geochemical background of the horizons. TM inputs were estimated using Cr as an invariant. It is shown that Pb and Cr remained in the surface horizon, while Ni, Cd, Cu and Zn migrated downward, being more or less trapped depending on the physicochemical properties of the horizons. To cite this article: C. Dère et al., C. R. Geoscience 338 (2006). 相似文献
9.
P. A. J. van Oort A. K. Bregt S. de Bruin A. J. W. de Wit A. Stein 《International journal of geographical information science》2013,27(6):611-626
Variability in per cell classification accuracy is predominantly modelled with land-cover class as the explanatory variable, i.e. with users' accuracies from the error matrix. Logistic regression models were developed to include other explanatory variables: heterogeneity in the 3×3 window around a cell, the size of the patch and the complexity of the landscape in which a cell is located. It was found that per cell, the probability of correct classification was significantly (α=0.05) higher for cells with a less heterogeneous neighbourhood, for cells part of larger patches and for cells in regions with a less heterogeneous landscape. To validate the models, a leave-one-out procedure was applied in which the absolute difference between the actual and the model-estimated number of cells correctly classified was summarized over 55 regions in the Netherlands. The sum of differences reduced from 60.9 to 48.1 after adding the variables ‘patch size’ and ‘landscape dominance’ to the land-cover class model. Spatial variability thus modelled therefore led to a substantial improvement in the estimation of the per cell classification accuracy. 相似文献
10.
Integrated Futures for Europe’s Mountain Regions: Reconciling Biodiversity Conservation and Human Livelihoods 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Introduction Europe's mountains cover nearly half of the continent's area (Price et al. 2004) and land cover varies significantly (European Commission 2004). In most massifs, except for Sicily, southern Greece, and the British Isles, forest cover is dominant. In northern Europe, grassland is proportionately more important, and much of the mountains of the British Isles is covered by moorland. In central and southern Europe, arable land is of far greater importance than grassland, with Med… 相似文献