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The interaction between a gaining stream and a water-table aquifer is studied at an outwash plain. The aquifer is hydraulically well connected to the stream. Pumping tests were carried out in 1997 and 1998 in two wells 60 m from the stream, screening different depths of the aquifer. Drawdown was measured on both sides of the stream. Hydraulic head, drawdown, and stream depletion data were analyzed using numerical flow models. Similar models were fitted to each of two different data sets: Model A was fitted to steady-state hydraulic head and streamflow gain data not influenced by pumping; and model B was fitted to drawdown data measured during the 1998 pumping test. Each calibrated model closely fits its calibration data; however, predictions were biased if model A was used to predict the calibration data of model B, and vice versa. To further test the models, they were used to predict streamflow depletion during the two pumping tests as well as the drawdown during the 1997 test. Neither of these data were used for calibration. Model A predicted the measured depletions fairly accurately during both tests, whereas the predicted drawdowns in 1997 were significantly larger than actually measured. Contrary to this, the 1997 drawdowns predicted by model B were nearly unbiased; the predicted depletions deviate significantly from the measured depletions in 1997, but they compare well with the observations in 1998. Thus, although field work and analyses were extensive and done carefully to develop a ground water flow model that could predict both drawdown and streamflow depletion, the model predictions are biased. Analyses indicate that the deviations between model and data may be because of error in the models' representations of either the release of water from storage or of the hydrology in the riparian zone. 相似文献
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根据河南省104个气象站1957 2000年降水量资料,以冬小麦全生育期降水负距平(%)为干旱指标,提取不同等级干旱的资料矩阵进行经验正交函数分解,并取主要模态特征向量值和时间系数进行分析,结果表明:河南省冬小麦干旱以轻旱和中旱为主要特征,40余年轻旱、中旱发生频率达59.71%和32.24%;各等级干旱的空间分布均表现为豫北、豫东以及豫西北的部分地区是干旱频发区,而豫西南和豫南地区则是干旱低发区;干旱的时间变化呈波峰波谷交替的振动形式,大规模轻旱2~3 a一遇,中旱3~4 a一遇,重旱约10 a一遇。降水负距平(%)平均值的分布特征可从总体上体现干旱的时空变化规律。 相似文献
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基于气候适宜度的夏玉米发育期模拟模型 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
结合前人气候适宜度的研究成果,以作物生理生态发育过程为基础,构建了夏玉米发育期预报模型。模型中分别建立了夏玉米温度、降水、日照时数适宜度函数,并结合河南省19个农业气象试验站的夏玉米发育期资料,运用通径分析法确定各个生育期温度、降水和日照的影响权重系数,计算出综合适宜度,用来预测夏玉米生育期。结果表明,模型能够较好地预测各个发育期(出苗、七叶、拔节、抽雄、乳熟和成熟)。建模资料的模拟值与观测值比较的均方根误差分别为1.5、3.1、3.4、2.9、4.0、4.5 d。运用独立资料对模型所作预测值的均方根误差在1.0~4.6 d之间。 相似文献
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There are few studies on the hydrogeology of sedimentary rock aquitards although they are important controls in regional ground water flow systems. We formulate and test a three-dimensional (3D) conceptual model of ground water flow and hydrochemistry in a fractured sedimentary rock aquitard to show that flow dynamics within the aquitard are more complex than previously believed. Similar conceptual models, based on regional observations and recently emerging principles of mechanical stratigraphy in heterogeneous sedimentary rocks, have previously been applied only to aquifers, but we show that they are potentially applicable to aquitards. The major elements of this conceptual model, which is based on detailed information from two sites in the Maquoketa Formation in southeastern Wisconsin, include orders of magnitude contrast between hydraulic diffusivity (K/S(s)) of fractured zones and relatively intact aquitard rock matrix, laterally extensive bedding-plane fracture zones extending over distances of over 10 km, very low vertical hydraulic conductivity of thick shale-rich intervals of the aquitard, and a vertical hydraulic head profile controlled by a lateral boundary at the aquitard subcrop, where numerous surface water bodies dominate the shallow aquifer system. Results from a 3D numerical flow model based on this conceptual model are consistent with field observations, which did not fit the typical conceptual model of strictly vertical flow through an aquitard. The 3D flow through an aquitard has implications for predicting ground water flow and for planning and protecting water supplies. 相似文献
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郑州市酸雨变化特征及影响因素分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
通过对1992-2006年郑州酸雨观测站数据以及2001年4月-2006年12月郑州空气质量逐日数据进行统计分析,发现郑州市降水酸性呈现增强趋势,主要发生在秋、冬两个季节,频率在40%以上,冬季酸雨发生天数要多于秋季,降水酸度在秋末至12月较强。影响酸雨的主要因子为PM10、SO2与NO2浓度和降水量,PM10主要通过与酸性气体的化学反应来影响降水电导率K值,降水对大气中PM10的净化有较强的作用。连续性降水过程中降水pH值有减小趋势的占57.14%,主要在于降水对地面的湿润作用有效地阻止了来自地面的可溶性微粒进入大气中,不能足够吸收大气中酸性物质,致使酸性物质直接进入降水中造成降水持续酸化。 相似文献
10.
美国国际光学工程学会（SPIE）第52届年会于2007年8月28～30日在美国加利福尼亚州圣迭哥举行,来自美国、法国、俄罗斯、法国、加拿大、日本、德国、英国、澳大利亚、意大利、西班牙、荷兰、韩国等发达国家及中国、印度、墨西哥等发展中国家的科学家及商业代表数千人与会。大会分“光学工程和仪器”、“微光子学”和“照明工程”3个领域,设立9个主会场、78个分会场进行交流,内容涉及了光学工程、仪器设备、光学应用、材料方法、遥感、大气环境等多个学科,还举行了光学遥感、摄影仪器与设备的展览。来自中国科学院、中国气象局、南京信息工程大学、武汉大学、中国科技大学、新疆大学等单位的中国代表出席了会议,河南省气象科学研究所陈怀亮、刘荣花与会并进行了学术交流。 相似文献