New Universities and their cities, the case of Vaasa, Finland   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Mauri Palomäki 《GeoJournal》1997,41(4):311-318

University activities began in Finland in 1640 when the University of Turku was founded. Later it was transferred to Helsinki, the new capital of Finland. The turn of the century saw the emergence of new university level institutions in Helsinki and Turku. The explosion of the Finnish university system took place after the Second World War. Now there are 20 university level institutes. Consequently the access to university studies and other services has improved greatly. The university centre of Vaasa belongs to the new wave of universities founded from 1960 on. In the city there are now 4 units, one Finnish speaking, two Swedish speaking and one bilingual. This reflects the language structure of the area. All of the universities have had their individual development features. The Finnish speaking University of Vaasa is the biggest one. The main impact of the Vaasa universities is the participation in the rising of the level of education in Finland and its effect on economy and other development. The research institute of Vaasa University has served the surrounding areas and nation through applied research projects. The continuing education centre has served the areas firms with many kinds of tailored courses for the management. In the humanistics influence has been through specialised language courses and multilingual immersion. A newspaper university is one of the new forms of impact. The city has an Academic axis going through the innermost part of the city. It is divided clearly into two Finnish and one Swedish speaking area.  相似文献   

Are there correlations between radio and optical axes of radio galaxies?     

Mauri J. Valtonen 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1983,90(1):207-215

The relative orientations of radio and optical axes of radio galaxies have been examined on the basis of combined material from several smaller samples. Rotation axes of some radio galaxies have been redetermined assuming that the published measurements refer to rotational motions only. It is found that the rotation axis is quite different from those previous determinations, where rotation-expansion models were used. In particular, the correlation between radio source axes and rotation axes disappears when the allowance for expansion is dropped. No statistically significant correlation between optical major axes of the galaxy image and radio source axes is found when all existing measurements, now exceeding 140, are combined.  相似文献   

Interaction of the Large Magellanic Cloud with the halo population and the companions of the Galaxy     

Mauri J. Valtonen  Kimmo A. Innanen  Leena Tähtinen 《Astrophysics and Space Science》1984,107(2):209-222

Numerical simulations have been performed in order to study the gravitational interaction between the outlying population of the Galaxy and the Large Magellanic Cloud (LMC). The following effects have been noted: (1) halo objects are partially removed from the orbital distance of the LMC such that a local minimum is created in the radial density profile; (2) a large number of halo objects go into escape orbits. This possibility makes the determination of the mass of the Galaxy by virial theorem arguments unreliable; (3) the orbit of the LMC decays faster than what one would expect on the basis of the classical dynamical friction calculation. The excess friction derives from three-body effects, which are not accounted for in the classical dynamical friction. Finally, the fates of globular clusters and dwarf galaxies near the Galaxy and the LMC are discussed.  相似文献   

Structural control over equilibrium silicon and oxygen isotopic fractionation: A first-principles density-functional theory study     

Merlin Méheut  Michele Lazzeri  Etienne Balan  Francesco Mauri 《Chemical Geology》2009,258(1-2):28-37

Isotopic fractionation factors for oxygen and silicon in selected silicates (quartz, enstatite, forsterite, lizardite, kaolinite) are calculated using first-principles methods based on density-functional theory. Good agreement between theory and experiment is found in the case of oxygen. In the case of silicon, agreement and differences with existing estimates of equilibrium fractionation factors are discussed. The relationship between silicon and oxygen fractionation factors, silicate polymerization degree and chemical composition is studied and compared with previous semi-empirical models.  相似文献   

Introduction to the special section on snow and snow hydrology     

Mauri Pelto 《自然地理学》2018,39(5):387-388

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Quantifying temporal changes in Tornionjoki river ice breakup dates and spring temperatures in Lapland since 1802     

Samuli Helama  Jianmin Jiang  Johanna Korhonen  Jari Holopainen  Mauri Timonen 《地理学报(英文版)》2013,23(6):1069-1079

Cryophenological records （i.e. observational series of freeze and breakup dates of ice） are of great importance when assessing the environmental variations in cold regions. Here we employed the extraordinarily long observational records of river ice breakup dates and air temperatures in northern Fennoscandia to examine their interrelations since 1802. Historical observations, along with modern data, comprise the informational setting for this analysis carried out using t-test. Temperature history of April-May season was used as cli- matic counterpart for the breakup timings. Both records （temperature and breakup） showed seven sub-periods during which their local means were distinctly different relative to preced- ing and subsequent sub-periods. The starting and ending years of these sub-periods oc- curred in temporal agreement. The main findings of this study are summarized as follows： （1） the synchrony between the temperature and river ice breakup records ruled out the possibility that the changes would have occurred due to quality of the historical series （i.e. inhomoge- neity problems often linked to historical time-series）; （2） the studied records agreed to show lower spring temperatures and later river ice breakups during the 19th century, in comparison to the 20th century conditions, evidencing the prevalence of cooler spring temperatures in the study region, in agreement with the concept of the Little Ice Age （1570-1900） climate in North-West Europe; （3） the most recent sub-period demonstrate the highest spring tem- peratures with concomitantly earliest river ice breakups, showing the relative warmth of the current springtime climate in the study region in the context of the past two centuries; （4） the effects of anthropogenic changes in the river environment （e.g. construction and demolition of dams） during the 20th century should be considered for non-climatic variations in the breakup records; （5） this study emphasizes the importance of multi-centurial （i.e. historical） cryo- phenological information for highly interesting viewpoints of climate and environmental his- tory.  相似文献   

Characterizing the cryosphere     

Mauri Pelto 《自然地理学》2017,38(2):103-104

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Why we study the geological record for evidence of the solar oscillation about the galactic midplane     

John J. Matese  Patrick G. Whitman  Kimmo A. Innanen  Mauri J. Valtonen 《Earth, Moon, and Planets》1995,71(3):7-12

The Solar System oscillates about the plane defined by the disk of matter in our Galaxy. This oscillatory motion gives rise to a substantial modulation in the tidally induced flux of Oort cloud comets. An observational determination of the quasi-periodicity of this motion carries with it significant information about the population, distributions, dynamics and origins of short-period and long-period comets. An additional incentive for emphasizing such a study is the information about dark disk matter that a period can yield. If dark disk matter is completely negligible, the amplitude of the solar motion will be sufficiently large that the peak-to-trough flux ratio will be 2.5 and the plane-crossing period will exceed 40 Myr. Dark disk matter comparable in mass to bright disk matter and distributed in any manner is inconsistent with K-dwarf distributions and can be rejected as a working hypothesis. But if a modest fraction of the disk matter is dark and distributed like the interstellar medium, as is consistent with limits deduced from K-giant and K-dwarf velocity distributions, the peak-to-trough flux ratio can increase to a factor of 4 even though the solar z amplitude is decreased. In that case the period can be as little as 30 Myr and the implied Oort population is smaller by a factor of 3. We should carefully reconsider the geological record as a potential discriminator of these options.  相似文献   

On the possible future West European capital     

Mauri Palomäki 《GeoJournal》1991,24(3):257-267

The emergence of a real West European capital requires a transfer of national decision-making power to a European common body or a form of federalism in Europe. The first uniting phases and later some voting results in member countries of the EEC point to an emergence of a possible future political core area in the Benelux countries. There is a large choice of cities in Europe as to the position of a future federal capital. Using the location of the headquarters of European international organizations, large firms, financing firms, and taking the accessibility of the cities into consideration, Brussels, London and Paris receive a nearly equal and high position in rankings. This, and an abundance of smaller international centers, point to an existence in Europe of a system of highest level decision-making centers rather than a single capital city. To a great extent this three point construction is located inside the European megalopolis. The whole supranational decision-making city system is very marginally oriented to the west within the continent. The modest share of Germany in these activities is conspicuous. Economically, however, it is now the strongest country in Europe. The future of the decision-making city system may, therefore, still see considerable change.An earlier Finnish language version of this paper entitled Euroopan ylikansalliset päätoksentekokeskukset by Mauri Palomäki and Matti Hiltunen appeared in Terra 102, 1 (1990)  相似文献   

Advance of Norway spruce (Picea abies) onto mafic Lommoltunturi fell in Finnish Lapland during the last 200 years     

Raimo Sutinen  Paavo NÄrhi  Maarit Middleton  Pekka HÄnninen  Mauri Timonen  Marja‐Liisa Sutinen 《Boreas: An International Journal of Quaternary Research》2012,41(3):367-378

As a result of global changes, shifts of alpine tree lines towards higher elevations have been recorded, but the role of the spatial variability of the snowpack and zonal‐pattern soil‐nutrient regimes is poorly understood. Norway spruce (Picea abies (L.) Karst) is best suited to fertile soils, and hence we applied soil physical‐chemical and snow measurements and the age chronology of Norway spruce along an elevational gradient (380–557 m a.s.l.) to address a vertical soil zonality hypothesis on mafic Lommoltunturi fell in Finnish Lapland. With regard to increasing elevation, we found an increase in soil N_TOT, C_TOT and Al, but a decrease in soil Ca, Mg and Ca:Al ratio as well as in electrical conductivity (EC). In addition, the snowpack was significantly thicker in low‐elevation forest than in the tree line and open tundra. In the 1840s, spruce established on low‐elevation soils with a Ca:Al ratio of 2.2. Starting from the 1920s a significant shift of spruce occurred such that it took 60 years to expand the tree line by 55 m in elevation. The spruce tree line has advanced, and the age distribution indicates new colonization of spruce in closed forest up to tundra. The poor soil Ca:Al ratio of 0.02 on tundra apparently is a constraint for spruce. Spruce forest is young (<165 years), and hence we argue that spruce has expanded onto formerly tree‐free sites of this mafic fell. This paper demonstrates that vertical soil zonality is a potential driver for the diffuse tree line of Picea abies on mafic Fennoscandian fells.  相似文献