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Obsidian is abundant in the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER). Petrological and geochemical features of obsidian from four volcanic centers in the MER, namely Birenti, Dofen, Fentale and Kone, are presented. Compositional and petrological variability is noted among the Dofen and Fentale obsidian, but not in those from Kone and Birenti where each have separate but uniform elemental composition. The Fentale and Kone obsidian were source materials for the artifacts of a number of Middle Stone Age and Later Stone Age/Neolithic sites in the region. We have yet to determine whether Dofen and Birenti were sources for archeological artifacts. The study also shows that volcanic episodes from a single center do not necessarily result in compositional variability. 相似文献
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Genene Mulugeta 《Natural Hazards》2004,31(3):681-684
Volume Contents
Contents of Volume 31 相似文献3.
Marco Bonini Giacomo Corti Chiara Del Ventisette Piero Manetti Genene Mulugeta Dimitrios Sokoutis 《地学学报》2007,19(5):360-366
Small‐scale analogue models were used to investigate the process of Cretaceous orthogonal extension in the West Antarctic Rift System. The models considered the transition from the East Antarctic Craton to a weaker lithosphere, and the results support previous hypotheses about the strong control exerted by lateral variations in lithospheric structures on the process of extension. Strain was mostly accommodated at the boundary between the two types of lithosphere, with a relative uplift of the cratonic block which remained essentially undeformed. Conversely, the weaker lithosphere showed wide‐rifting style geometry, locally associated with core complex‐like structures. In agreement with the natural prototype, this tectonic scenario led to a long‐lasting extension without continental break‐up, and to the absence of relevant surface magmatism. 相似文献
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Giacomo Corti Marco Bonini Fabrizio Innocenti Piero Manetti Genene Mulugeta 《Journal of Geodynamics》2001,31(5)
A series of centrifuge analogue experiments have been performed to model the mechanics of continental oblique extension (in the range of 0° to 60°) in the presence of underplated magma at the base of the continental crust. The experiments reproduced the main characteristics of oblique rifting, such as (1) en-echelon arrangement of structures, (2) mean fault trends oblique to the extension vector, (3) strain partitioning between different sets of faults and (4) fault dips higher than in purely normal faults (e.g. Tron, V., Brun, J.-P., 1991. Experiments on oblique rifting in brittle-ductile systems. Tectonophysics 188, 71–84). The model results show that the pattern of deformation is strongly controlled by the angle of obliquity (α), which determines the ratio between the shearing and stretching components of movement. For α35°, the deformation is partitioned between oblique-slip and normal faults, whereas for α45° a strain partitioning arises between oblique-slip and strike-slip faults. The experimental results show that for α35°, there is a strong coupling between deformation and the underplated magma: the presence of magma determines a strain localisation and a reduced strain partitioning; deformation, in turn, focuses magma emplacement. Magmatic chambers form in the core of lower crust domes with an oblique trend to the initial magma reservoir and, in some cases, an en-echelon arrangement. Typically, intrusions show an elongated shape with a high length/width ratio. In nature, this pattern is expected to result in magmatic and volcanic belts oblique to the rift axis and arranged en-echelon, in agreement with some selected natural examples of continental rifts (i.e. Main Ethiopian Rift) and oceanic ridges (i.e. Mohns and Reykjanes Ridges). 相似文献
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AbstractIn this study, transferability options of the Hydrologiska Byråns Vattenbalansavdelning (HBV) hydrological model parameter (MP) spaces were investigated to estimate ungauged catchment runoff. Three approaches were applied in the study: MP space transfer from single, neighbouring and all potential donor catchments. The model performance was evaluated by a jackknife procedure, where one catchment at a time was treated as if ungauged, and behavioural MP sets from candidate donor catchments were used to estimate the “ungauged” runoff. The results showed that ungauged catchment runoff estimation could not be guaranteed by transferring MP sets from a single physiographically nearest donor catchment. Integrating MP sets typically from one to six donor catchments supplemented the lack of effective MP sets and improved the model performance at the ungauged catchments. In addition, the analysis results revealed that the model performance converged to an average performance when the MP sets of all potential donor catchments were integrated. 相似文献
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Ayenew Melese Endalew Christof Debaer Nick Rutten Jef Vercammen Mulugeta Admasu Delele Herman Ramon Bart M. Nicolaï Pieter Verboven 《Boundary-Layer Meteorology》2011,138(1):139-162
The effect of tree foliage on sprayer airflow through pear trees in a fruit orchard was studied and modelled in detail. A
new three-dimensional (3-D) computational fluid dynamics model that integrates the 3-D canopy architecture with a local closure
model to simulate the effect of the stem and branches and leaves of trees separately on airflow was developed. The model was
validated with field observations made in an experimental orchard (pcfruit, Sint-Truiden, Belgium) in spring and summer 2008
and was used to investigate the airflow from three air-assisted orchard sprayers (Condor V, Duoprop and AirJet quatt). Velocity
magnitudes were measured before and behind leafless and fully-leafed pear canopies across the row while the operating sprayers
are passing along the row, and were compared with the simulations. The simulation results predicted the measured values well
with all the local relative errors within 20%. The effect of foliar density on airflow from the three air assisted sprayers
was manifested by changing the magnitude and direction of the sprayers’ air velocity behind the canopy, especially at the
denser regions of the canopy and by changing the pattern of velocity decay horizontally along the jet. The developed methodology
will also allow a thorough investigation of atmospheric airflow in canopy structures. 相似文献
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Analogue modelling of the initiation of subduction 总被引：3，自引：0，他引：3
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We present centrifuge experiments to study the surface deformation induced by shallow pluton emplacement in a rheologically stratified crust. Sand simulates the topmost brittle crust; plastilina and denser silicone represent more and less competent crustal portions, respectively; lighter silicone simulates a buoyant intrusion. In the models, density differences affect the rate of intrusion but not their evolution or shape, whereas viscosity and strength stratifications control both the shape and rate of the intrusions. With a higher viscosity contrast (102–4) between the intrusion and the embedding media, the rise of the lighter silicone induces a laccolith-like intrusion, responsible for doming and thinning of the overburden; an apical depression may form, inducing silicone extrusion. Conversely, with a lower (101) viscosity contrast, the overburden and the intrusion exhibit a lens-shaped form, with a broad central depression bordered by an upward flexure towards the periphery. A sag in the floor of the intrusion is commonly observed; no silicone extrusion occurred. The intrusion is a hybrid between a laccolith and a lopolith. The comparison with nature (1) confirms roof uplift as an important means of accommodating space during pluton emplacement and (2) suggests that, where roof uplift plays a major role, pluton emplacement can induce a well-correlated sequence of events at surface: doming, the development of a depression and extrusion. 相似文献
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Giacomo Corti Marco Bonini Francesco Mazzarini Mario Boccaletti Fabrizio Innocenti Piero Manetti Genene Mulugeta Dimitrios Sokoutis 《Tectonophysics》2002,348(4)
Scaled centrifuge experiments have been used to investigate the dynamic relations between deformation and magma distribution in rift-related transfer zones. The physical models were built using suitable analogue materials, such as sand to represent the brittle upper crust, various kinds of silicone mixtures to simulate the lower crust and upper mantle and glycerol to reproduce magma. Models simulated the development of transfer zones across pre-existing glycerol reservoirs placed at the base of the analogue continental crust. In plan view, different geometries, dimensions and positions of subcrustal reservoirs were reproduced in three different sets of experiments; to compare results, models were also performed without magma-simulating glycerol.Set 1 experiments, incorporating a narrow rectangular glycerol reservoir, show that the low-viscosity material is able to localise deformation into the overlying crust, giving rise to discrete transfer zones. This concentrated surface deformation corresponds at depth to major magma accumulation. Set 2 experiments, with an initial wide squared glycerol reservoir, show instead that deformation is distributed across the whole model surface, corresponding at depth to relatively minor magma accumulation. Set 3 experiments explored various positions of a small squared reservoir that invariably localised faulting in the overlying analogue brittle crust at the onset of model deformation.The overall model behaviour suggests that magma distribution at depth can effectively control the strain distribution in the overlying crust and the deformative pattern of transfer zones. Strain distribution, in turn, may control magma emplacement as localized deformation would favour major accumulation of magma at transfer zones. Coupled to a strong thermal weakening of the country rocks, this process may ultimately lead to a positive feedback interaction between magma and deformation. 相似文献
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