This paper presents a multi-level procedure for production and injection scheduling through a numerical model-based optimization of well control variables. To calculate the net present value (NPV), the objective function of optimization, this procedure uses a number of discretized systems for a reservoir model with different degrees of up-scaling prepared according to a multi-resolution wavelet technique. These up-scaled models were incorporated into optimization based on a probability function. In early optimization iterations, due to the necessity to explore the search space quickly, the coarsest grid model has a higher chance for selection than the others; however, by a selection (with a low probability) of the finest up-scaled grid model in these iterations, solutions and objective function were tuned. In the later iterations of optimization, the finest up-scaled grid model probability was the highest in order to ensure the reliability of the final solution. The optimization algorithm is an adaptive simulated annealing algorithm coupled with a polytope. This procedure was evaluated in two case studies. The first case study was a horizontal 2D oil model with water flooding. The second case study was a vertical 2D oil model with gas injection. The results show that the proposed optimization procedure provides approximately the same accuracy compared to the situation in which the fine grid model is used for all the optimization iterations. Also, the run-time for the proposed optimization procedure is comparable to the run-time of the optimization in which only the coarsest grid model is used to calculate objective function. Moreover, the superiority of the wavelet-based up-scaling over an analogous multiple grid system optimization using uniformly up-scaled models is presented.
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This paper assesses the various factors contributing to climate change in the region of the Kashafroud G-WADI Basin in Iran; quantifies
the local impacts of climate change, especially local water scarcity; and simulates and discusses several proposed methods to
combat these impacts. Hydrologic and climatic data are statistically analyzed and VENSIM modeling is used for various simulations
of water resources in the basin. Results show that the natural climate changes affecting Kashafroud Basin include increased temperature,
less rainfall, more frequent droughts, and changes in rainfall patterns, all of which are local symptoms of climate change in recent
years. However, the most important challenge in the basin is the overexploitation of surface and groundwater resources to meet the
growing water demands, especially domestic needs. Changes in land use, reallocation of water uses, groundwater depletion, and degradation
of the quality of surface waters have all contributed to significant changes in the environmental features of this basin, and are
the main reason why water demands now exceed the renewal capacity of the basin. Proposed response measures include reallocation
of resources among different uses, inter-basin water transfers, drawing water from six small dams on the Kashafroud River, reducing
groundwater extraction, and replacing groundwater extraction for agriculture by reuse of urban wastewater. This study concludes that
although changes in global climatic parameters have altered environmental features in the basin, local factors, such as water utilization
beyond the renewable capacity of the basin, are more significant in worsening the impacts of climate change. 相似文献
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Aerosols emitted from volcanic activities and polluted mid-latitudes regions are efficiently transported over the Arctic during winter by the large-scale atmospheric circulation. These aerosols are highly acidic. The acid coating on ice nuclei, which are present among these aerosols, alters their ability to nucleate ice crystals. In this research, the effect of acid coating on deposition and contact ice nuclei on the Arctic cloud and radiation is evaluated for January 2007 using a regional climate model. Results show that the suppression of contact freezing by acid coating on ice nuclei leads to small changes of the cloud microstructure and has no significant effect on the cloud radiative forcing (CRF) at the top of the atmosphere when compared with the effect of the alteration of deposition ice nucleation by acid coating on deposition ice nuclei. There is a negative feedback by which the suppression of contact freezing leads to an increase of the ice crystal nucleation rate by deposition ice nucleation. As a result, the suppression of contact freezing leads to an increase of the cloud ice crystal concentration. Changes in the cloud liquid and ice water contents remain small and the CRF is not significantly modified. The alteration of deposition ice nucleation by acid coating on ice nuclei is dominant over the alteration of contact freezing. 相似文献
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The upscaling process of a high-resolution geostatistical reservoir model to a dynamic simulation grid model plays an important role in a reservoir study. Several upscaling methods have been proposed in order to create balance between the result accuracy and computation speed. Usually, a high-resolution grid model is upscaled according to the heterogeneities assuming single phase flow. However, during injection processes, the relative permeability adjustment is required. The so-called pseudo-relative permeability curves are accepted, if their corresponding coarse model is a good representation of the fine-grid model. In this study, an upscaling method based on discrete wavelet transform (WT) is developed for single-phase upscaling based on the multi-resolution analysis (MRA) concepts. Afterwards, an automated optimization method is used in which evolutionary genetic algorithm is applied to estimate the pseudo-relative permeability curves described with B-spline formulation. In this regard, the formulation of B-spline is modified in order to describe the relative permeability curves. The proposed procedure is evaluated in the gas injection case study from the SPE 10th comparative solution project’s data set which provides a benchmark for upscaling problems [1]. The comparisons of the wavelet-based upscaled model to the high-resolution model and uniformly coarsened model show considerable speedup relative to the fine-grid model and better accuracy relative to the uniformly coarsened model. In addition, the run time of the wavelet-based coarsened model is comparable with the run time of the uniformly upscaled model. The optimized coarse models increase the speed of simulation up to 90% while presenting similar results as fine-grid models. Besides, using two different production/injection scenarios, the superiority of WT upscaling plus relative permeability adjustment over uniform upscaling and relative permeability adjustment is presented. This study demonstrates the proposed upscaling workflow as an effective tool for a reservoir simulation study to reduce the required computational time. 相似文献
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Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - This is the first study to quantitatively evaluate the local site effects in the most severely affected neighborhoods of Sarpol-e-Zahab city following the... 相似文献
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