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1.
BA Maree PD Cowley TF Næsje A-R Childs AI Terörde EB Thorstad 《African Journal of Marine Science》2016,38(2):171-180
Long-term home-range and movement dynamics of spotted grunter Pomadasys commersonnii and the distribution of their dominant prey, the sandprawn Callichirus kraussi, were investigated in the intermittently open East Kleinemonde Estuary, South Africa. In addition, the effects of fish length, diel cycle, season and other abiotic factors on home range and area use were examined. Nine adult spotted grunter (326–489?mm total length) were tagged with acoustic transmitters, and their movements were studied by manual tracking on six consecutive days and nights during each of five tracking sessions from March to November 2004. In addition, movement patterns were recorded by stationary data-logging receivers. Kernel home ranges (95% utilised distribution) varied in size (mean: 76 797?m2?, range: 26 296–165 321?m2), but were all located in the lower one-third of the 3.6 km-long estuary. There was no effect of season, the diel cycle or fish length on the home-range estimates. However, the distribution of prey corresponded with the home-range distribution of tagged fish. Although sandprawn distribution was highly variable within and among transects and depth classes, sandprawns were most abundant in the lower region of the estuary, which corresponded to the home-range distribution of spotted grunter. Spatial distribution of prey appears to be a dominant factor influencing home-range parameters of this species within an intermittently open estuary. 相似文献
2.
A drift and pumpback experiment was conducted in a brackish water sandfill. The sandfill was reclaimed from the sea in the eastern part of Singapore and contains sands with low organic and clay/silt contents. The high salinity in the ground water precludes the use of chloride and bromide as tracers in such an environment, and a field experiment was conducted to assess the viability of using fluorescein as a tracer in brackish water aquifers. Nitrate was used as a second tracer to serve as a check. Initial laboratory studies showed that fluorescence was unaffected over the range of electrical conductivity and pH of the ground water. Results from the field experiment show that fluorescein appears to behave conservatively. 相似文献
3.
A thorough understanding of rainfall recharge processes and their controlling factors is essential for management of groundwater systems. This study investigates the effects of various meteorological and hydrogeological factors on the gross recharge percentages, the rainfall–recharge relationships and the recharge threshold values for unconfined sandy aquifers under an equatorial climate. Among the meteorological factors investigated, rainfall intensity was found to have the most significant impact on the gross recharge rate. The effects of potential evaporation rate, relative humidity and air temperature on the gross recharge percentage were significant when the vadose zone thickness is larger than 2·5 m. The recharge threshold values were found to depend strongly on the vadose zone thickness. The rainfall–recharge relationships could generally be well defined by a normal–log relationship. The rainfall–recharge relationships derived here are applicable to yield estimates of gross recharge percentages for unconfined sandy aquifers under an equatorial climate, using rainfall intensity and vadose zone thickness as input variables. In this study, a theory was developed and validated to provide physical explanations for the observations, based on the residence time of the percolated rainwater within the vadose zone. Among the soil hydraulic parameters tested, porosity and saturated hydraulic conductivity were found to have the most pronounced effects on the gross recharge percentage. Utilizing the sensitivity results and the theory derived, an approach was developed for extending the application of the derived rainfall–recharge relationships to other sand textures. The approach was found to be capable of producing rough and fast estimations of gross recharge percentage for other sand textures. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
4.
为研究卵石土场地地震反应特征,基于四川成都典型卵石土场地,通过振动台模型试验研究卵石土场地在不同地震波、不同地震强度激励下的加速度峰值放大系数、加速度频谱反应及动土压力反应,并且对其场地地震反应非线性效应及土体动剪应力-动剪应变关系进行分析。结果表明：卵石土场地表层土层对地震波具有明显的放大效应,加速度峰值放大系数介于1～1.4之间,下部土层放大效应较小,加速度峰值放大系数介于0.9～1.2之间。卵石土场地对地震波具有低频放大,高频滤波的作用,滤波频率上、下限随激励强度的增大逐渐向低频方向移动。激励强度较小时,土体尚未破坏,动土压力在地震过程中逐渐增大;随着激励强度的增大,动土压力反应明显增大,表现出骤减后逐渐增大的现象。在激励强度较小时(SN1),中部土体最先进入非线性反应阶段,地震波在中部土层能量损耗最大;激励强度较大时(EL3),土体均发生了较大变形,土体最大动剪应变达到1.7%,此时卵石土场地对地震波的放大作用明显减弱。 相似文献
5.
本研究在通渭、兰州、西吉、宝鸡、西安等多个西北典型黄土震陷灾害场地获取原状土样,通过对密度、含水率、孔隙比、塑液限等物理指标的测试,分析其与土体震陷性的关系;通过动弹性模量和阻尼比、动强度、震陷等室内动力特性试验,并结合大量前人研究资料,分析土体性质对岩土震陷灾害的区域性影响。结果表明：1）震陷系数与单一土体物性参数呈正相关或负相关关系,六盘山以西和以东的黄土震陷特性反映了明显的地区变化规律,在相同地震荷载作用下震害东轻西重;2）随着时间的推移,人类的活动增加,改变了土的含水率,导致土体上覆压力增大,在上覆压力的作用下,土体的初始孔隙数量有所减少,其固结程度越来越好,宏观表现为土体的易损性即震陷性减小。 相似文献
6.
基于动三轴试验和SEM细观结构测试试验,结合图像分析处理软件,对强震荷载前后宝兰客运专线沿线典型震陷性黄土及其经物理、化学和复合改良方法处理后的试样进行微观尺度的结构变形演化规律研究,探讨不同改良方法对土体微结构的影响及其与震陷系数之间的内在联系。结果表明:(1)物理改良方法对于消除大孔隙和架空孔隙结构的效果最为明显,同时对颗粒级配和结构也有调整;(2)化学改性方法则从颗粒接触方式、粒间胶结程度等方面影响土体强度,且不同化学反应的参与可生成独特的玻璃微珠或絮凝状细结构,从而大大提升土体某项参数指标,进而在强震中分别起到填充、胶结或缓冲作用;(3)强震作用前后不同改良方法对各微观要素的改变与相应的残余应变现象吻合较好,说明微结构能有效反映改良黄土残余变形的强弱。 相似文献
7.
MH Dames PD Cowley A-R Childs RH Bennett EB Thorstad TF Næsje 《African Journal of Marine Science》2017,39(1):111-120
Understanding the level of connectivity between estuarine and coastal waters is essential for appropriate management of estuarine-associated taxa. Most studies have focused on the role of a single estuary, while limited research exists on the importance of multiple estuaries to individuals of estuarine-associated species. This study used acoustic telemetry to assess the usage of multiple estuaries and coastal waters by the estuarine-dependent spotted grunter Pomadasys commersonnii. Twenty-six adult fish were tagged with acoustic transmitters in the Kariega and Bushmans estuaries, South Africa, and their movements along a 300-km stretch of Indian Ocean coastline were monitored for up to 17 months. Tagged individuals spent most of their time in the estuary where they were tagged (55% and 85% for fish tagged in the two estuaries, respectively), followed by time in the sea (30% and 15%) and in other estuaries (15% and <1%). The mean durations of sea trips for fish tagged in the Kariega Estuary or Bushmans Estuary, respectively, were 25 days (range 3–55) and 12 days (range 2–22). Of the fish that went to sea, 93% from the Kariega Estuary and 60% from the Bushmans Estuary visited other estuaries. Most visits were undertaken to the Swartkops, Bushmans and Kowie estuaries, although the longest durations were spent in the Sundays Estuary. Individuals moved to estuaries up to 130 km away. The total distance travelled between estuaries by an individual during the study was ～529 km, with means of 201 and 184 km, respectively, for fish tagged in the Kariega and Bushmans estuaries. Despite covering large distances between estuaries, individuals often returned to their tagging estuary. Residency in their tagging estuary, combined with frequent visits to a neighbouring estuary, highlights the importance of estuarine habitats for this popular fish species, even after reaching maturity. 相似文献
8.
江苏近10 a高架雷暴特征分析 总被引：2，自引：2，他引：0
对2007—2016年发生在江苏地区的冬半年雷暴进行特征分析,筛选出12次典型的高架雷暴天气过程,揭示江苏发生高架雷暴的时空分布特征和典型的环流形势,发现逆温层顶之上的不稳定浅层和上下层强垂直风切变分别为高架雷暴的发生提供弱热力不稳定和强动力不稳定条件。强垂直风切变、850 hPa附近强烈的锋生导致的锋面次级环流,高空槽前正涡度平流随高度增加以及高层辐散、低层辐合造成的抽吸作用,为高架雷暴的发生和维持提供逆温层之上的动力抬升条件。高架雷暴发生时高仰角反射率因子呈现出类似零度层亮带的环形特征,对流单体不断生成在圆环附近。初步归纳了江苏高架雷暴的预报着眼点:500 hPa先后高空槽东移,700 hPa有16 m·s~(-1)以上的西南急流,850 hPa切变线东伸,存在逆温层顶高于1. 5 km,逆温强度大于5℃的较强逆温,0～6 km垂直风切变超过18 m·s~(-1),700 hPa与500 hPa温度差在15℃以上以及700hPa的相对湿度高于80%,且比湿在5～6 g·kg~(-1)。 相似文献
9.
以盐湖副产水氯镁石为原料,与一定比例的石灰反应得到氢氧化镁和氢氧化钙的混合沉淀物,该混合物经过滤、洗涤、烘干后在一定温度下煅烧得到符合皮江法炼镁用的合成煅白。实验结果表明,该工艺是可行的,在石灰/氯化镁摩尔比2.05~2.10：1,反应时间1.5,煅烧温度为800℃,煅烧时间为60min时,合成的煅白中钙镁摩尔比： 0.95~1.07：1,煅白的平均水活度达34%,符合硅热法炼镁用中间原料煅白的参数条件。该技术可为利用盐湖氯化镁制备金属镁新工艺开发提供了数据参考。 相似文献
10.
为探究陆相扇三角洲前缘沉积生物扰动特征,以辽河拗陷大民屯凹陷沈检5井古近系沙河街组三段扇三角洲前缘沉积岩芯为研究对象,对生物遗迹化石进行了鉴定,统计了垂向剖面上生物扰动层厚度和扰动指数的分布特征。依据主微量元素参数反映的沉积条件,探讨了生物扰动层厚度和扰动指数与沉积环境的响应关系。研究结果表明,沈检5井S34Ⅱ和S34Ⅰ油层组发育生物扰动构造,生物遗迹化石以古藻迹(Palaeophycus)和漫游迹(Planolites)占优势为特征。生物扰动构造主要发育于水下分流间湾微相沉积物中,扰动层厚度在5~51 cm,扰动指数以3~5级为主。主微量元素参数分析表明S34Ⅱ和S34Ⅰ油层组沉积期的古气候、古生产力、古盐度和古水深条件相近,即为相对温湿的古气候、低古生产力、淡水—微咸水盐度条件和浅水沉积环境。沉积环境变化幅度小是造成S34Ⅱ油层组与S34Ⅰ油层组发育的生物扰动层厚度和扰动指数差异不明显的主要原因。但当前研究还难以明确单个油层组内生物扰动层厚度和扰动指数变化的主控因素。该项研究加深了对陆相浅水扇三角洲前缘沉积环境遗迹化石组成和生物扰动指数变化特征的认识。 相似文献