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Stochastic modelling of soil moisture dynamics in a grassland of Qilian Mountain at point scale 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
Stochastic modeling of soil moisture dynamics is crucial to the quantitative understanding of plant responses to water stresses,hydrological control of nutrient cycling processes,water competition among plants,and some other ecological dynamics,and thus has become a hotspot in ecohydrology at present.In this paper,we based on the continuously monitored data of soil moisture during 2002―2005 and daily precipitation date of 1992―2006,and tried to make a probabilistic analysis of soil moisture dynamics at point scale in a grassland of Qilian Mountain by integrating the stochastic model improved by Laio and the Monte Carlo method.The results show that the inter-annual variations for the soil moisture patterns at different depths are very significant,and that the coefficient of variance(CV) of surface soil moisture(20 cm) is almost continually kept at about 0.23 whether in the rich or poor rainy years.Interestingly,it has been found that the maximal CV of soil moisture has not always appeared at the surface layer.Comparison of the analytically derived soil moisture probability density function(PDF) with the statistical distribution of the observed soil moisture data suggests that the stochastic model can reasonably describe and predict the soil moisture dynamics of the grassland in Qilian Mountain at point scale.By extracting the statistical information of the historical precipitation data in 1994―2006,and inputting them into the stochastic model,we analytically derived the long-term soil moisture PDF without considering the inter-annual climate fluctuations,and then numerically derived the one when considering the inter-annual fluctuation effects in combination with a Monte-Carlo procedure.It was found that,though the peak position of the probability density distribution significantly moved towards drought when considering the disturbance forces,and its width was narrowed,accordingly its peak value was increased,no significant bimodality was observed in the soil moisture dynamics under the given intensity of random fluctuation disturbance. 相似文献
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川中高石梯-磨溪地区震旦系灯影组碳酸盐岩岩石类型及分布规律 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
四川盆地川中地区震旦系气藏储量规模大,储层分布面积广。在Folk(1959)碳酸盐岩分类方案与张荫本等(1996)对粘结岩分类方案研究的基础之上,结合四川盆地震旦系灯影组的具体情况,提出新的划分方案。研究表明:(1)高石梯-磨溪地区震旦系灯影组碳酸盐岩岩石类型可分为3个亚类,10个微类。该方案不同之处在于把凝块(石)云岩归位颗粒岩,同时根据藻的形态把藻云岩进一步细分;(2)沉积岩类的发育和分布受沉积层序的控制。海侵体系域(TST)沉积阶段,以泥-粉晶云岩、微生物岩等正化学岩沉积为主。高位体系域(HST)沉积阶段,以凝块云岩、砂屑云岩等异化颗粒岩沉积为主。纵向上,岩性具有从暗色泥晶云岩→藻云岩→颗粒云岩→浅色泥晶云岩演化的特征,即泻湖亚相→藻丘亚相→颗粒滩亚相→台坪亚相的规律;(3)凝块云岩、砂屑云岩等颗粒岩是主要的储集岩类;(4)灯影组碳酸盐岩不同岩类的发育和分布对储层的发育起到控制作用。对灯影组的油气勘探,除了对岩溶作用的研究之外,还需要重视沉积古地貌、岩相展布特征的分析,有助于有效的预测灯影组储层"甜点区"。 相似文献
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碳酸盐岩岩溶储层类型研究及对勘探的指导意义——以塔里木盆地岩溶储层为例 总被引：6，自引：1，他引：5
岩溶储层是中国海相含油气盆地重要的储层类型之一。本文基于塔里木盆地岩溶储层的实例研究,指出岩溶储层的储集空间以缝洞为主,缝洞可以发育于潜山区,也可以发育于内幕区,具不同的地质背景和成因。据此,将岩溶储层细分为四个亚类,其中,潜山(风化壳)岩溶储层又可根据围岩岩性的不同细分为灰岩潜山岩溶储层和白云岩风化壳储层两个次亚类。潜山(风化壳)岩溶储层发育于潜山区,与中长期的角度不整合面有关,准层状分布,峰丘地貌特征明显;层间岩溶储层和顺层岩溶储层发育于内幕区,前者与碳酸盐岩层系内部中短期的平行(微角度)不整合面有关,准层状分布,后者与潜山周缘的斜坡背景有关,环潜山周缘呈环带状分布,与不整合面无关;受断裂控制岩溶储层主要发育于内幕区,分布于断裂发育区,尤其是背斜的核部,与不整合面无关,受断裂控制导致缝洞发育跨度大,沿断裂呈栅状分布。岩溶储层的细分方案突破了岩溶储层只分布于潜山区的传统认识,使岩溶储层勘探由潜山区向内幕区拓展,对中国海相含油气盆地碳酸盐岩油气勘探具重要的指导作用。 相似文献
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Face-to-face interviews(n=860) were conducted to determine cash-gift behavior, cognition and complexity of social relations, and family water consumption for agricultural production in a typical oasis area in Northwest China. The survey results revealed cash gifts to be the second-largest expenditure(1,330 Yuan) for rural households, far beyond the average spending on health(854.1 Yuan) or education(890.8 Yuan). The amount of cash-gift expenditures indirectly reflects a family's social relations level, and our developed Social Relations Extent Coefficient—based on cash-gift and food expenditures—can directly reflect the extent or level of these relationships. Different types of farmers or farming families have different coefficients. The coefficient also shows how social station affects a family's water resource utilization, and how water is distributed among different types of farmers. Despite the current inequities, however, promotion of better agricultural techniques and large-scale cultivation in this area could help distribute water resources more equitably and effectively. 相似文献
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Water consumption is a key role in improving the efficiency and sustainability of water management in arid environments.In this study, we explored an approach based on meta-analysis, MODIS NDVI products, land-use spatial distribution, and soil water physical parameters to gain insight into long-term and large scale distribution of land use and water consumption, maintain maximum Zhangye Oasis area according to Heihe River runoff, and suitable water resource management in Zhangye Oasis. This approach was initiated in order to improve the efficiency of irrigation and water resource management in arid regions. Results showed that Heihe River runoff can maintain a maximum Zhangye Oasis area of 22.49×10~4 hm~2.During the 2000-2016 growing seasons, actual oasis water consumption ranged from 11.35×10~8 m~3 to 13.73×10~8 m~3, with a mean of(12.89 ± 0.60)×10~8 m~3; if maintaining agricultural production and oasis stability was chosen, oasis water consumption ranged from 10.24×10~8 m~3 to 12.37×10~8 m~3, with a mean of(11.62 ± 0.53)×10~8 m~3. From the perspective of water resources management and ecosystem stability, it is necessary to reduce the area of Zhangye Oasis or choose the minimum water consumption method to manage the oasis, to ease the pressure of water shortage and maintain stable and sustainable development of the Zhangye Oasis. These results can provide future practical guidance for water resource management of coordinated development of the economy and the environment in an arid area. 相似文献
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中国海相油气多期充注与成藏聚集模式研究——以塔里木盆地轮古东地区为例 总被引：5，自引：2，他引：3
中国海相盆地经历了早古生代末(加里东期)、晚古生代-早中生代(海西期)和晚新生代(喜山期)三期重大构造变动,深刻影响了海相油气生成、运移与聚集,使得油气分布规律变得非常复杂。中国海相盆地一般发育多套烃源岩,由于它们发育的时代和位置多不相同,生、排烃时间往往不同步,存在多源多期充注的特点。因此,多期油气成藏是海相盆地的一个重要特点。多期成藏是在多期构造运动的影响下,多套烃源层多期成熟排烃的结果。塔里木盆地塔北隆起轮古东地区是一个典型的多期充注型油气藏,目前已确定的主要成藏期包括晚加里东期、晚海西期和晚喜马拉雅期三期。轮古东碳酸盐岩非均质储层形成的缝洞圈闭体系,形成早,后期构造作用使圈闭没有发生大的变化,因此保留了这三期充注的油气;油气地球化学分析资料进一步证实了这三次油气充注成藏过程。通过地质分析,再现了油气充注成藏过程,建立了海相油气多期充注与成藏聚集模式。 相似文献
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In the arid inland river basins of northwestern China,human activities control almost all the surface hydrologic processes.The potential effects of these altered hydrologic processes are gradually becoming clear,especially since the 2000 implementation of the integrated water resources management projects in the Shiyang River,the Heihe River,the Tarim River,and the Shuler River.While the appearance of these eco-hydrology changes and consequent environmental effects in the oasis has attracted broad attention,related research is still lacking.Eco-hydrological process changes in the desert-oasis ecotone were investigated in the Pingchuan irrigation district in the middle reaches of the Heihe River.The results showed that the annual average amount of surface water irrigation during the past 20 years has decreased by 1.498×107 m3,while the annual average amount of well irrigation has increased by 1.457×107 m3,since 2000,when the State Council of China approved the water diversion scheme for the Heihe River Basin.The groundwater depth before the water diversion scheme generally varied between2.44–3.19 m(average 2.73±0.24 m),while that after the water diversion scheme has varied between 3.08–4.01 m(average3.79±0.62 m).The distribution area of3 m groundwater depth decreased from 3612 to 394 hm2;while the distribution area of3 m groundwater depth increased from 853 to 3843 hm2.However,although the hydrologic processes changed dramatically,no significant effects on vegetation productivity in the desert-oasis ecotone were detected during the study period. 相似文献
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Oasisization is a process of converting a natural desert into a man-made oasis in order to satisfy social needs under certain economical and technical conditions. This paper substitutes space for time in order to study physical property changes of oasis soil along the oasisization in about a 1,000-year period. This research focuses on providing the bases for better understanding the process of oasisization. The results show: (1) In about 1,000-year chronological scale, the bulk density and the saturated soil hydraulic conductivity of the surface layer (0-20 cm) significantly reduced with the increase of land reclamation time, while soil porosity, stability of aggregates, and silt content significantly increased. The soil bulk density of the unreclaimed filed (0 year) and the reclaimed field (about 1,000 years) in the surface layer (0-20 cm) are 1.51 g/cm3 and 1.35 g/cm3, the total porosity are 43.16% and 49.27%, the capillary porosity are 38.73% and 47.10%, the water-stable aggregate (0.25 mm) content are 24.60% and 49.59%, the sand content are 85.42% and 61.56%, the clay content are 3.93% and 4.80%, the specific surface area are 128 cm2/g and 231 cm2/g, and the saturated hydraulic conductivity are 0.74 cm/h and 0.34 cm/h, respectively. (2) In the first 30 years of the oasis reclamation, the changes are relatively fast, and the rates of the saturated soil hydraulic conductivity, dry aggregate (0.25 mm), water-stable aggregate (0.25 mm) content, and specific surface area are 0.01 cm/h·yr, 0.58%/yr, 0.50%/yr, and 1.48 cm2/g yr, respectively. 相似文献
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There are mainly 3 kinds of existing states of oil generating from source rocks, that is, dispersive liquid hydrocarbon inside of source rock, dispersive liquid hydrocarbon outside of source rock and concentrated liquid hydrocarbon outside of source rock. Because of the differences in thermal history and medium conditions around, and the interaction of organic and inorganic matter, the liquid hydrocarbon with 3 kinds of existing state has different cracking conditions. The gas generation dynamics experiments of crude oil matching different mediums indicate that the distribution of activation energy of methane changes a lot according to medium difference. The carbonate has a main influence on oil cracking conditions and can largely reduce its activation energy, which reflects the lower cracking temperature of crude oil. The mudstone takes a second place and the sandstone is the smallest. The catalytic cracking function to the oil of the carbonate, of the mudstone and of the sandstone changes weaken in turn. The corresponding R o values of main gas generation period in different mediums are as follows: 1.5%–3.8% with pure crude oil, 1.2%–3.2% with dispersive crude oil in carbonate, 1.3%～3.4% with dispersive crude oil in mudstone and 1.4%–3.6% with dispersive crude oil in sandstone. The influence of pressure to crude oil cracking is relatively complicated. In the low heating speed condition, pressure restrains the oil cracking and gas generation, but in the high heating speed condition, pressure has an indistinctive influence to the oil cracking and gas generation. Pressure also makes a different effort in different evolvement stage. Taking the middle and lower Cambrian source rocks in the Tarim Basin as an example, primary oil generating quantity is 2232.24×108t, residual oil and oil cracking gas quantity is 806.21×108t and 106.95×1012m3 respectively. 相似文献