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激励,即调动积极性。西方国家的企业提倡并重视调动员工的积极性。常用的激励方式及其特点如下: 1、需求层次 需求层次理论是由马斯洛研究提出的。他把人的需求划分成通常所讲的五个层次,即“生理需求”、“安全需求”、“归属需求”、“尊重需求”和“自我实现需求”。依次由低向高,已满足了的需求不再具有激励效应。在个体员工转向更高层次 相似文献
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地方性氟中毒已被世界许多国家和地区所熟知,它也危及着许多中国居民的健康,到目前为止,关于氟中毒的实例报道大都起因于饮用高氟浓度的地下水。然而,根据作者的调查,中国西南部居民中发现的氟中毒情况是由于在室内烧煤而造成,食物和空气污染而至。作者对这一类型的氟中毒区,从致病途径和规律等方面进行系统的环境特征研究。 相似文献
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This study examined perceptions of the impacts of the antinatalist (OPP) and pronatalist (NPP) policies in Singapore. Data were obtained from a sample of 209 men and 280 women under 45 years old who lived in Ang Mo Kio New Town in the center of the island. Findings indicate that 53.4% of women said that fertility decisions were joint ones. 50% of women and 65% of men said that family size was jointly determined. Over 70% were aware of the OPP "stop at 2" policy. Those who gave accurate, detailed knowledge were mostly over 35 years old. Knowledge of OPP did not vary by education, but did vary by awareness of incentives and disincentives. 45.4% of women believed that OPP was a necessary state policy; 25.4% did not. 36.4% thought that OPP was fair; 28.3% did not. 60.3% of women said that OPP did influence family size in society, but 63.8% said it did not influence their individual family size. Finances, education, and child care were explanatory factors in individual planning. OPP is viewed as a successful policy not because of ideology, but because of the value placed on improved socioeconomic standards. 58.2% of women and 55.5% of men knew the details about the NPP. 51.9% of women said the NPP would encourage larger family size, but 87.8% said it would not affect them personally. Findings suggest that personal freedoms and public ideology are not binary, public-private concepts in fertility decision making. 相似文献
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采用刚性抗滑桩加固沿软弱结构面滑动的边坡时,桩后土体会逐渐形成一个三维滑动土楔,作用于桩上的极限滑坡推力(Pult)就转化为滑动土楔所产生的被动土压力。本文以更符合实际的对数螺旋线面代替应变楔(SW)模型中直线型滑楔底面,得到改进SW滑楔模型,并基于倾斜薄层单元法,引入智能优化法-粒子群优化(PSO)算法计算Pult。最后还探讨了桩位、桩径以及土体参数变异性对Pult的影响,结果表明:当桩间距较大,桩位设置在坡的中部时,作用于桩上的极限滑坡推力Pult小于按规范推荐的传递系数法所得计算结果,而且Pult与桩径基本上呈线性关系。根据对土体参数不同变异系数进行抽样计算,可得到Pult的变异系数δPult,由此法得到的δPult结果可直接用于刚性抗滑桩可靠性分析计算。 相似文献
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A consensual set of definitions regarding bioinvasions is essential in order to facilitate discourse among the science, policy and management communities dealing with the issue. Considering both the mode of entry and the extent of the impact of an alien species into a new environment, a set of key terms is proposed as an operative tool for marine scientists. 相似文献