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1.
P.H. Given W. Spackman J.R. Imbalzano D.J. Casagrande A.J. Lucas W. Cooper C. Exarchos 《International Journal of Coal Geology》1983,3(1):77-99
Although microorganisms are certainly present in swamp and marsh peats, their geochemical role has not been demonstrated, in spite of their importance in determining the input to coalification processes. In order to obtain information on the gross level of microbial activity in the natural habitats, a broad-spectrum test for a type of enzyme important in the respiration of all organisms has been applied to cores of peat from a number of different environments in the Florida Everglades. In most cases, the respiratory activity in the upper layer is comparable to that in a fertile mineral soil, and this level of activity is found also at greater depths in several cores. In addition, some properties of the peat that tend to define their character as habitats for microorganisms were determined. pH values close to neutrality were observed at all sites. Chlorinity and total ionic strength naturally were high in the coastal swamps; seasonal variations in profiles in the brackish areas somewhat away from the coast suggested that some bulk flow of water through the peat into the porous limestone bedrock occurs in the rainy season. Eh profiles, regarded as empirical characterizations of environments, did differ considerably between saline and fresh water peats, though on a graphite indicator electrode were more positive than might have been expected in systems in which sulfate reduction was active. However, in these non-equilibrium systems, the potential recorded apparently depends on the nature of the electrode material used. 相似文献
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Daniel J. Casagrande Kristine Siefert Charles Berschinski Nell Sutton 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1977,41(1):161-167
Six sulfur forms were investigated in profiles of freshwater- and marine-derived peat-forming systems of the Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia and Everglades Swamp, Florida. Total sulfur levels of 0.1–10% were found, thus indicating a major incorporation of sulfur in the very early stages of coal formation. The quantities of hydrogen sulfide and elemental sulfur observed appeared to be indicative of whether marine or freshwater conditions prevailed at the site of deposition. Carbon-bonded sulfur accounted for 70% of the total sulfur in the freshwater peat and 50% of the total sulfur in the marine peat. Over 15% of the total sulfur was in pyritic combination in the marine environment, while levels of pyrite in the freshwater peats were an order of magnitude lower. An ester-sulfate fraction represented 25% of the total sulfur in both freshwater and marine peats. The levels of sulfur forms in the peat profiles are compared to those observed in living plants and to various coals; levels of pyrite and organic sulfur in the peat are similar to those found by other investigators in freshwater-derived and marine-derived coals. 相似文献
3.
Crude oils generally contain at least one symmetrical homologous series of porphyrins, which is usually centered at m/e 476 (DPEP) or m/e 478 (etioporphyrin). Simulated geochemical conditions in the present study resulted in decarboxylations and alkylations which ultimately led to the synthesis of homologous porphyrins from a single porphyrin. In several series of closed tube experiments, mesoporphyrin IX dimethylester (MPDME) was mixed with a variety of constituents including benzene, acetic acid, propionic acid, water and clay; the experiments were performed at temperatures between 135°C and 400°C at time intervals up to 80 days. Dealkylation, alkylation, hydrolysis, decarboxylation and metallation products were observed. An unsymmetrical homologous series of porphyrins was produced from MPDME. The dominant mass was m/e 478 (corresponding to a double deoarboxylation). Dealkylation products in multiples of 14 amu below the m/e 478 peak comprised the other members of the series. Cu-MPDME also produced homologous porphyrins. These, however, exhibited symmetry about the dominant members, similar to the symmetry found for the porphyrins of most petroleums and oil shales. 相似文献
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Lago Larissa Neves Casagrande Michéle Dal Toé da Conceição Ribeiro Roberto Carlos de Albuquerque e Silva Ben-Hur 《Geotechnical and Geological Engineering》2022,40(3):1585-1595
Geotechnical and Geological Engineering - The aggregates consist approximately 85% of the total volume in asphalts pavements, and their properties influence directly their behavior. Therefore, it... 相似文献
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Rockfall Hazard Analysis From Discrete Fracture Network Modelling with Finite Persistence Discontinuities 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Cédric Lambert Klaus Thoeni Anna Giacomini Davide Casagrande Scott Sloan 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2012,45(5):871-884
Developing an accurate representation of the rock mass fabric is a key element in rock fall hazard analysis. The orientation, persistence and density of fractures control the volume and shape of unstable blocks or compartments. In this study, the discrete fracture modelling technique and digital photogrammetry were used to accurately depict the fabric. A volume distribution of unstable blocks was derived combining polyhedral modelling and kinematic analyses. For each block size, probabilities of failure and probabilities of propagation were calculated. A complete energy distribution was obtained by considering, for each block size, its occurrence in the rock mass, its probability of falling, its probability to reach a given location, and the resulting distribution of energies at each location. This distribution was then used with an energy–frequency diagram to assess the hazard. 相似文献
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This study consisted in the characterization of internal waves in the south of the Strait of Messina (Italy). The observational data consisted in thermistor string profiles from the Coastal Ocean Acoustic Changes at High frequencies (COACH06) sea trial.An empirical orthogonal function analysis is applied to the data. The first two spatial empirical modes represent over 99% of the variability, and their corresponding time-dependent expansion coefficients take higher absolute values during internal wave events. In order to check how the expansion coefficients vary during an internal wave event, their time derivative, called here changing rates, are computed. It shows that each wave of an internal wave train is characterized by a double oscillation of the changing rates. At the front of the wave, both changing rates increase in absolute value with opposite sign, and then decrease to become null at the maximum amplitude of the wave. At the rear of the wave, the changing rates describe another period, again with opposite sign. This double oscillation can be used as a detector of internal waves, but it can also give information on the width of the wave, by measuring the length of the oscillation, as this information may sometimes be hard to read straight out of the data. When plotting the changing rates one versus another, the resulting scatter diagram puts on a butterfly shape that illustrates well this behaviour. 相似文献
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Ba, Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ni, Pb and Zn were studied in cores of peat from two major vegetational areas of the Okefenokee Swamp, Georgia; both total peat and organic fractions were investigated. Except for Hg and Pb, metal concentrations were either higher or equal to Clarke values. The sandy bedrock is not an important contributor to metal concentrations found in peat. Levels of metals in a given peat sample were related to plant materials which gave rise to the peat; it does not appear that vegetational environment plays a critical role in determining trace metal distribution, but does play a role in determining the amount of humic or pre-vitrinitic constituents that eventually are found in coal. 相似文献
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Pinter Nicholas Ishiwateri Mikio Nonoguchi Atsuko Tanaka Yumiko Casagrande David Durden Susan Rees James 《Natural Hazards》2019,96(3):1429-1436
Natural Hazards - On March 11, 2011, a magnitude MW 9.0 thrust earthquake ruptured the Japan Trench along the northwest coast of Honshu and generated a tsunami that killed 15,894 people, left 2585... 相似文献
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