A virtual voyage through 3D structures generated by chaotic mixing of magmas and numerical simulations: a new approach for understanding spatial and temporal complexity of magma dynamics     

Diego Perugini  Maurizio Petrelli  Giampiero Poli 《Visual Geosciences》2008,13(1):1-24

In this contribution, we present a virtual voyage through 3D structures generated by chaotic mixing of magmas and numerical simulations with the aim to highlight the power of 3D representations in the understanding of this geological phenomenon. In particular, samples of mixed juveniles from Salina island (Southern Italy) are reconstructed in 3D by serial lapping and digital montage and numerical simulations are performed by using a 3D chaotic dynamical system. Natural and simulated magma mixing structures are visualized by using several multimedia tools including animations and “virtual reality” models. It is shown that magma interaction processes can generate large spatial and temporal compositional heterogeneities in magmatic systems. The same topological structures are observed in both 3D reconstructed rock samples and chaotic numerical simulations, indicating that the mixing of magmas is governed by chaotic dynamics. The use of 3D multimedia models gives the opportunity to penetrate into magma mixing structures and to understand their significance in the context of magma dynamics. Such an approach is very powerful since multimedia tools can strongly capture the attention of the reader bringing him/her into an interactive and memorable geological experience. Electronic supplementary material  enclosed:  相似文献   

Analysis and simulation of magma mixing processes in 3D   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

D. Perugini  G. Poli  G. D. Gatta 《Lithos》2002,65(3-4):313-330

Magma mixing structures from the lava flow of Lesbos (Greece) are analyzed in three dimensions using a technique that, starting from the serial sections of rock cubes, allows the reconstruction of the spatial distribution of magmas inside rocks. Two main kinds of coexisting structures are observed: (i) “active regions” (AR) in which magmas mix intimately generating wide contact surfaces and (ii) “coherent regions” (CR) of more mafic magma that have a globular shape and do not show large deformations. The intensity of mingling is quantified by calculating both the interfacial area (IA) between interacting magmas and the fractal dimension of the reconstructed structures. Results show that the fractal dimension is linearly correlated with the logarithm of interfacial area allowing discrimination among different intensities of mingling.

The process of mingling of magmas is simulated using a three-dimensional chaotic dynamical system consisting of stretching and folding processes. The intensity of mingling is measured by calculating the interfacial area between interacting magmas and the fractal dimension, as for natural magma mixing structures. Results suggest that, as in the natural case, the fractal dimension is linearly correlated with the logarithm of the interfacial area allowing to conclude that magma mixing can be regarded as a chaotic process.

Since chemical exchange and physical dispersion of one magma inside another by stretching and folding are closely related, we performed coupled numerical simulations of chaotic advection and chemical diffusion in three dimensions. Our analysis reveals the occurrence in the same system of “active mixing regions” and “coherent regions” analogous to those observed in nature. We will show that the dynamic processes are able to generate magmas with wide spatial heterogeneity related to the occurrence of magmatic enclaves inside host rocks in both plutonic and volcanic environments.  相似文献   

An early Miocene arc-tholeiitic magmatic dike event from the Alboran Sea — Evidence for precollisional subduction and back-arc crustal extension in the westernmost Mediterranean     

R. L. Torres-Roldan  G. Poli  A. Peccerillo 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1986,75(1):219-234

A discussion is made on the general significance of an Early Miocene (22–23 Ma, K/Ar dating) basaltic dike swarm that outcrops within large areas of the central and western Betic Zone of the Betic Cordilleras (Southern Spain). This dike swarm is thought to represent the remains of one of the earliest magmatic episodes within the the Neogene volcanic province that is associated with the late orogenic evolution of the Alboran region, and undoubtedly offers the best preserved igneous material related to this early stage that is known at present. The dike rocks (hypabyssal equivalents of andesitic basalts and basaltic andésites) have both major and trace-element abundance patterns that are akin to those of arc-tholeiitic suites. The field relationships and areal distribution of the dike swarm suggest, on the other hand, that a major E-W-trending rifting belt could have been developing within the Alboran Block in oligo-miocene times, previous to its collision with adjacent continental borderlands in the Early-Middle Miocene.Because of their magmatic character and wide distribution, it is proposed that these dike rocks may be regarded as an indication of the existence of roughly contemporaneous (Oligo-Miocene) Benioff-Wadati zone activity under the Alboran Area, which also points towards the previous existence of subductable lithosphere in its surroundings. The main dilatational vector during dike emplacement was already normal to the present E-W stretching of the Alboran Basin proper, which also adds to the possibility that the latter had already started to individualize tectonically in Oligo-Miocene times, and that some of its present crustal features, especially a prominent E-W-trending pattern of magnetic anomalies, had been generated in relation with the dike event. Continued postcollisional Middle Miocene to Pliocene calc-alkaline to ultrapotassic volcanism in the same area could hence have resulted from decompression partial melting of an already contaminated, and still thermally anomalous, mantle wedge, connected with the occurrence of traverse strike-slip and extensional deep faulting within a crustal segment that stretches from southeastern Spain to Morocco.

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Zusammenfassung Über die generelle Bedeutung einer Vielzahl von Gängen (22–23 Ma, K/Ar-Datierung) wird diskutiert, die in einem weiten Gebiet der Betischen Zone aufgeschlossen sind. Diese Vielzahl von Gängen repräsentiert wahrscheinlich eine der ersten magmatischen Episoden innerhalb der vulkanischen neogenen Provinz, welche mit der späten tektonischen Entwicklung der Region des Alboranischen Meeres verbunden ist. Diese Gänge bieten in jedem Fall das besterhaltene magmatische Material, verglichen mit denen, die man bis jetzt kennt. Die Gesteine, die diese Gänge bilden (hypoabyssiche Aequivalente andesitischer Basalte und basaltischer Andesite), besitzen ebenso Hauptelemente wie auch Spurenelemente, die den Tholeiit-Serien der Inselbögen ähnlich sind. Ihre Flächenverteilung und Feldbeziehungen geben auch an, daß ein ausgedehnter Gürtel in der Zone von Alboran in oligo-miozänen Zeiten in Entwicklung war, bevor sich der Zusammenstoß des sogenannten Alboranblocks mit der naheliegenden Kontinentalzone im unteren-mittleren Miozän produzierte.Diese Gesteine geben das gleichzeitige Vorhandensein einer Benioff-Wadati-Zone aktiv unter der Region von Alboran an, sowohl auf Grund ihres magmatischen Aussehens wie auch auf Grund ihrer weiten Flächenverteilung, und deshalb zeigen sie auch die vorige Existenz subduktionsfähiger Lithosphäre in ihrer Nähe. Der Hauptdilatationsvektor war schon während der Intrusion der Gänge normal zur jetzigen Elongation des Alboran-Beckens gerichtet, was auch vermuten läßt, daß jenes Becken schon während des Oligozäns oder des unteren Miozäns begonnen hatte, sich tektonisch zu individualisieren. In diesem Fall könnte die durch die Gänge repräsentierte vulkanische Episode einige der Charakteristika der dem Becken unterliegenden Kruste erklären und speziell das Vorhandensein eines wichtigen Netzes von magnetischen Anomalien, das Ost-West verläuft. Die spätere Entwicklung des Vulkanismus in dieser Provinz konnte sich aus der Partialschmelzung einer vorher kontaminierten und sogar thermisch anomalen Zone des Mantels ergeben haben, verbunden mit dem Wirken von Verwerfungen und zerrenden Brüchen in einem lithosphärischen Gürtel, der sich vom Südosten der Iberischen Halbinsel bis Marokko ausbreitet.

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Resumen Se hace una discusión sobre la significación general de un enjambre de diques (22–23 M.a., datación K/Ar) que aflora en una amplia extensión de la Zona Bética (Cordilleras Béticas, España Meridional). Este enjambre de diques représenta probablemente uno de los primeras episodios magmáticos dentro de la provincia volcánica neógena asociada a la evolución orogénica tardia de la región del Mar de Alborán, y ofrece en todo caso el material igneo mejor preservado en relación con este estadio de los conocidos hasta el presente. Las rocas que constituyen los diques (equivalentes hipoabisales de basaltos andesiticos y andesitas basálticas) poseen caracteres geoquímicos tanto de elementos mayores como de trazas que son afines a los de las series toleáticas de arcos insulares. Su distribución areal y relaciones de campo indican, por otra parte, que una banda dilatacional podría haberse estado desarrollando en el área de Alborán en tiempos oligo-miocenos, con anterioridad a la colisión del Bloque de Alborán con las áreas continentales adyacentes en el Mioceno Inferior-Medio.A causa tanto de su afinidad magmática como de su amplia distribución areal, estas rocas vienen a indicar la existencia, contemporánea, de una zona de Benioff-Wadati activa bajo la región de Alborán y, por ende, la presencia previa de litosfera subducible en sus inmediaciones. El principal vector dilatacional durante la intrusión de los diques era ya normal a la actual elongación de la cuenca de Alborán, lo cual también sugiere la posibilidad de que aquella hubiese comenzado a individualizarse tectónicamente durante el Oligoceno ó Mioceno Inferior. En tal caso el episodio volcico representado por los diques podría explicar algunas de las características de la corteza subyacente a esta cuenca, y en especial la existencia de una prominente red de anomalias magnéticas de dirección E-W, paralela a la red de dikes. El desarrollo posterior del volcanismo en esta provincia podria haber resultado de la fusión partial de una zona del manto previamente contaminada, y aún térmicamente anómala, en conexión con la actuación de desgarres y fracturación distensiva en una banda litosférica que se extiende desde el sureste de la peninsula ibérica hasta Marruecos.

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Petrochemical constraints on the models of Cretaceous-Eocene tectonic evolution of the Eastern Pontic chain (Turkey)     

P. Manetti  A. Peccerillo  G. Poli  F. Corsini 《Cretaceous Research》1983,4(2):159-172

Sixteen selected samples from the Upper Cretaceous volcanic belt of the Eastern Pontids have been analysed for major elements, Rb, Sr and Zr. On the basis of the K₂O versus SiO₂ distribution, two groups of rocks have been distinguished, one with calc-alkaline affinity and a second group with shoshonitic character. The calc-alkaline rocks have porphyritic texture with clinopyroxene, plagioclase and orthopyroxene as phenocryst and in the groundmass. The orthopyroxene is lacking in the shoshonites where plagioclase, clinopyroxene and, in the more evolved terms, amphibole and biotite are the main phenocryst minerals. The shoshonitic rocks have higher $\text{K}{}_2\text{O}\text{Na}{}_2\text{O}$ ratio, K₂O, P₂O₅ and Rb, contents with respect to the calc-alkaline samples. The TiO₂ content is invariably low, never exceeding approximately 1%. The occurrence of volcanic rocks ranging in composition from calc-alkaline to shoshonitic in the Upper Cretaceous volcanic belt of the Eastern Pontids suggests that the Upper Cretaceous volcanic cycle reached its mature stage before the onset of the Eocene calc-alkaline volcanism which is believed to be neither genetically nor tectonically related with the Upper Cretaceous volcanism.  相似文献   

Mantle‐derived and crustal melts dichotomy in northern Greece: spatiotemporal and geodynamic implications     

Diego Perugini  Giampiero Poli  George Christofides  George Eleftheriadis  Antonis Koroneos  Triantafyllos Soldatos 《Geological Journal》2004,39(1):63-80

Two distinct groups of subduction‐related (orogenic) granitoid rocks, one Jurassic and the other Tertiary, occur in the area between the Vardar (Axios) Zone and the Rhodope Massif in northern Greece. The two groups of granitoids differ in many respects. The first group shows evolved geochemical characters, it is not associated with mafic facies, and evidence of magmatic interaction between mantle‐ and crustal‐derived melts is lacking. The second group has less evolved geochemical characters, it is associated with larger amount of mafic facies, and magmatic interaction processes between mantle‐derived and crustal melts are ubiquitous as evidenced by mafic microgranular enclaves and synplutonic dykes showing different enrichment in K₂O, Ti, and incompatible elements. This kind of magmatism can be attributed to the complex geodynamic evolution of the area. In particular, we suggest that two successive subduction events related to the closure of the Vardar and the Pindos oceans, respectively, occurred in the investigated area from Late Jurassic to Tertiary. We relate the genesis of Jurassic granitoids to the first subduction event, whereas Tertiary granitoids are associated with the second subduction. Fluids released by the two subducted slabs induced metasomatic processes generating a ‘leopard skin’ mantle wedge able to produce mafic melts ranging from typical calc‐alkaline to ultra‐potassic. Such melts interacted in various amounts with crustal calc‐alkaline anatectic melts to generate the wide spectrum of Tertiary granitoids occurring in the study area. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.  相似文献   

Experimental calibration of Forsterite–Anorthite–Ca-Tschermak–Enstatite (FACE) geobarometer for mantle peridotites     

P.?FumagalliEmail authorView author&#;s OrcID profile  G.?Borghini  E.?Rampone  S.?Poli 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2017,172(6):38

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Behavior of epidote at high pressure and high temperature: a powder diffraction study up to 10 GPa and 1,200 K   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

G. Diego Gatta  Marco Merlini  Yongjae Lee  Stefano Poli 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》2011,38(6):419-428

The thermo-elastic behavior of a natural epidote [Ca_1.925 Fe_0.745Al_2.265Ti_0.004Si_3.037O₁₂(OH)] has been investigated up to 1,200 K (at 0.0001 GPa) and 10 GPa (at 298 K) by means of in situ synchrotron powder diffraction. No phase transition has been observed within the temperature and pressure range investigated. P–V data fitted with a third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state (BM-EoS) give V ₀ = 458.8(1)ų, K _T0 = 111(3) GPa, and K′ = 7.6(7). The confidence ellipse from the variance–covariance matrix of K _T0 and K′ from the least-square procedure is strongly elongated with negative slope. The evolution of the “Eulerian finite strain” vs “normalized stress” yields Fe(0) = 114(1) GPa as intercept values, and the slope of the regression line gives K′ = 7.0(4). The evolution of the lattice parameters with pressure is slightly anisotropic. The elastic parameters calculated with a linearized BM-EoS are: a ₀ = 8.8877(7) Å, K _T0(a) = 117(2) GPa, and K′(a) = 3.7(4) for the a-axis; b ₀ = 5.6271(7) Å, K _T0(b) = 126(3) GPa, and K′(b) = 12(1) for the b-axis; and c ₀ = 10.1527(7) Å, K _T0(c) = 90(1) GPa, and K’(c) = 8.1(4) for the c-axis [K _T0(a):K _T0(b):K _T0(c) = 1.30:1.40:1]. The β angle decreases with pressure, β_P(°) = β_P0 −0.0286(9)P +0.00134(9)P ² (P in GPa). The evolution of axial and volume thermal expansion coefficient, α, with T was described by the polynomial function: α(T) = α₀ + α₁ T ^−1/2. The refined parameters for epidote are: α₀ = 5.1(2) × 10⁻⁵ K⁻¹ and α₁ = −5.1(6) × 10⁻⁴ K^1/2 for the unit-cell volume, α₀(a) = 1.21(7) × 10⁻⁵ K⁻¹ and α₁(a) = −1.2(2) × 10⁻⁴ K^1/2 for the a-axis, α₀(b) = 1.88(7) × 10⁻⁵ K⁻¹ and α₁(b) = −1.7(2) × 10⁻⁴ K^1/2 for the b-axis, and α₀(c) = 2.14(9) × 10⁻⁵ K⁻¹ and α₁(c) = −2.0(2) × 10⁻⁴ K^1/2 for the c-axis. The thermo-elastic anisotropy can be described, at a first approximation, by α₀(a): α₀(b): α₀(c) = 1 : 1.55 : 1.77. The β angle increases continuously with T, with β_T(°) = β_T0 + 2.5(1) × 10⁻⁴ T + 1.3(7) × 10⁻⁸ T ². A comparison between the thermo-elastic parameters of epidote and clinozoisite is carried out.  相似文献   

Sources of M_w 5+ earthquakes in northeastern Italy and western Slovenia: An updated view based on geological and seismological evidence     

Pierfrancesco Burrato  Maria Eliana Poli  Paola Vannoli  Adriano Zanferrari  Roberto Basili  Fabrizio Galadini 《Tectonophysics》2008,453(1-4):157

We present an overview of the seismogenic sources of northeastern Italy and western Slovenia, included in the last version of the Database of Individual Seismogenic Sources (DISS 3.0.2) and a new definition of the geometry of the Montello Source that will be included in the next release of the database. The seismogenic sources included in DISS are active faults capable of generating M_w > 5.5 earthquakes. We describe the method and the data used for their identification and characterization, discuss some implications for the seismic hazard and underline controversial points and open issues.In the Veneto–Friuli area (NE Italy), destructive earthquakes up to M_w 6.6 are generated by thrust faulting along N-dipping structures of the Eastern Southalpine Chain. Thrusting along the mountain front responds to about 2 mm/a of regional convergence, and it is associated with growing anticlines, tilted and uplifted Quaternary palaeolandsurfaces and forced drainage anomalies. In western Slovenia, dextral strike–slip faulting along the NW–SE trending structures of the Idrija Fault System dominates the seismic release. Activity and style of faulting are defined by recent earthquakes (e.g. the M_s 5.7, 1998 Bovec–Krn Mt. and the M_w 5.2, 2004 Kobarid earthquakes), while the related recent morphotectonic imprint is still a debated matter.We reinterpreted a large set of tectonic data and developed a segmentation model for the outermost Eastern Southalpine Chain thrust front. We also proposed the association of the four major shocks of the 1976 Friuli earthquake sequence with individual segments of three major thrust fronts. Although several sub-parallel active strike–slip strands exist in western Slovenia, we were able to positively identify only two segments of the Idrija Fault System. A comparison of the regional GPS velocity with long-term geological slip-rates of the seismogenic sources included in DISS shows that from a quarter to half of the deformation is absorbed along the external alignment of thrust faults in Veneto and western Friuli. The partitioning of the deformation in western Slovenia among the different strike–slip strands could not be quantified.  相似文献   

Personalized sightseeing tours: a model for visits in art museums     

Mayeul Mathias  Fen Zhou  Juan-Manuel Torres-Moreno  Didier Josselin  Marie-Sylvie Poli  Andréa Carneiro Linhares 《International journal of geographical information science》2017,31(3):591-616

This article describes a method to provide adapted visit tours in art museums according to the preferences expressed by the visitor and exhibits prestige. It is based on a dual approach with, on the one hand an automatic textual analysis of the official information available online (labels of exhibits) that allows to rank the exhibit attractiveness for a standard museum visitor. On the other hand, individual preferences are also taken into account to adapt the visit according to the personal cultural awareness of the visitor. We use operations research to solve a routing optimization problem, aiming at finding a visit tour with time constraints and maximization of the visitor satisfaction. Depending on the instance size and the problem scale, an integer linear programming (ILP) model and a greedy algorithm are proposed to recommend personalized visit tours and applied on two museums: ‘Musée de l’Orangerie’ in Paris and ‘National Gallery’ in London. The obtained results show that it is possible to recommend a good tour to visitors of an art museum by taking into account the common prestige of the exhibits and the individual interests, joining automatic text summarization and routing optimization in a limited geographical space.  相似文献