Conjugate flaws widely exist in rock masses and play a significant role in their deformation and strength properties. Understanding the mechanical behaviors of rock masses containing conjugate flaws is conducive to rock engineering stability assessment and the related supporting design. This study experimentally investigates the mechanical properties of conjugate-flawed sandstone specimens under coupled static–dynamic compression, thereby providing insight into how conjugate fractures interact to produce tracing tensional joints. Results indicate that the coupled compressive strength and the dynamic elastic modulus of conjugate-flawed rock specimens show remarkable loading rate dependence. For a fixed strain rate, the specimen with a static pre-stress equal to 60% of its uniaxial compressive strength has the highest coupled strength. Besides, both higher static pre-stress and strain rate can induce smaller mean fragment size and greater fractal dimension of the specimen, corresponding to a more uniform distribution of the broken fragments with smaller sizes. When the static pre-stress is lower than 80%UCS, the flawed specimen under a higher strain rate is characterized by higher absorbed energy. However, when the pre-stress equals 80%UCS, the value of the energy absorbed by the specimen in the dynamic loading process is negative due to the release of the preexisting considerable elastic strain energy input from the static pre-loading. As for the failure modes, cracks always penetrate the preexisting ipsilateral flaw tips to form anti-wing cracks. Under dynamic loading, the conjugate-flawed specimen generally shows tensile failure at a low strain rate, while the shear failure dominates at a high strain rate. In addition, based on progressive failure processes of the conjugate-flawed rock specimens, the evolution of tracing tensional joints in the field is discussed.
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1.
陕南西乡微体化石对于研究寒武纪大爆发具有非常重要的意义,前人研究大都局限于微体古生物的研究,而化石的成岩背景以及古环境研究尚属空白。因此本文通过测试主微量稀土元素及氧同位素来分析研究区的古沉积环境,在一定程度上填补了这一区域的空白。研究手段虽然在地化领域比较常见,但具有重要的参考价值。本文通过对富含小壳化石的“宽川铺段”及其上、下地层的微量元素Sr/Ba、Ni/Co、Sr/Cu、Rb/Sr、Mn/Fe等比值及主量元素、稀土元素含量、氧同位素特征的综合研究发现,研究区灯影组顶部环境为缺氧状态到宽川铺段弱氧化状态再到郭家坝组底部缺氧状态的海相沉积环境;水动力条件较弱,水体先上升后下降;上白云岩段、宽川铺段是较为温暖的气候,且比郭家坝组底部气候干旱。这对于研究该区寒武纪梅树村期的古环境和古气候变化具有重要的理论意义。 相似文献
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Xin He Wei Wang M. Santosh Jiachen Yao Kangting Gao Yuhan Zhang Denggang Lu Lishuang Guo 《地学前缘(英文版)》2021,12(3):101120
The late Archean (~3.0–2.5 Ga) was a key period of continental growth globally, which is widely considered to reflect the onset of vigorous plate tectonic activity, although related continental growth modes remain contentious. Here we investigate a suite of late Neoarchean metavolcanic rocks from the southwest Qixia area of the Jiaobei terrane in the North China Craton. The rocks in this suite include amphibolites, clinopyroxene amphibolites, and hornblende plagioclase gneisses. We present zircon U-Pb isotopic data which indicate that the protoliths of these rocks formed during ~2549–2511 Ma.The (clinopyroxene) amphibolites correspond to meta-basaltic rocks, with some containing high modal content of titanite. These rocks show moderate to high FeOT (8.96–13.62 wt.%) and TiO2 (0.59–1.59 wt.%), flat to less fractionated REE patterns, and mildly negative Th, Nb, and Ta anomalies, resembling those of Fe-tholeiites. In addition, they display positive zircon ?Hf(t) values (+2.6 to +8.7), and are devoid of crustal contamination or fractional crystallization. Combined with the low Nb/Yb (mostly < 1.60) and (Hf/Sm)N (mostly < 0.95), low to moderate Th/Yb (0.08–0.54), and low V/Sc (5.53–9.19) ratios, these basaltic rocks are interpreted to have been derived from a relatively reduced and depleted mantle source that was mildly metasomatized by hydrous fluids. The hornblende plagioclase gneisses are meta-andesitic rocks, and occur interlayered with the basaltic rocks. They are transitional between tholeiitic and calc-alkaline rock series, and show fractionated REE patterns with evidently negative Th, Nb, and Ta anomalies. The depleted zircon ?Hf(t) values (+2.4 to +8.4) and quantitative chemical modeling suggest that the andesitic rocks were most likely generated by injection and mixing of juvenile felsic magmas with the tholeiitic basaltic magmas.In general, the chemical features and genesis of late Neoarchean meta-basaltic rocks in our study area resemble those of Mariana back-arc basin basalts. Combined with regional geological data, it is proposed that the Jiaobei terrane witnessed late Neoarchean crustal growth under a paired continental arc-back arc setting. On a regional context, we propose two distinct geodynamic mode of late Neoarchean continental growth across North China Craton (particularly the Eastern Block), i.e., (1) arc-continent accretion along northwestern part of the Eastern Block; and (2) paired continental arc-back arc system surrounding the ~3.8–2.7 Ga continental nuclei to the southeast. 相似文献
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Yunfei FU Jiachen ZHU Yuanjian YANG Renmin YUAN Guosheng LIU Tao XIAN Peng LIU 《大气科学进展》2017,34(8):952-964
Taking winter and summer in eastern China as an example application, a grid-cell method of aerosol direct radiative forcing(ADRF) calculation is examined using the Santa Barbara DISORT Atmospheric Radiative Transfer(SBDART) model with inputs from MODIS and AERONET observations and reanalysis data. Results show that there are significant seasonal and regional differences in climatological mean aerosol optical parameters and ADRF. Higher aerosol optical depth(AOD)occurs in summer and two prominent high aerosol loading centers are observed. Higher single scattering albedo(SSA) in summer is likely associated with the weak absorbing secondary aerosols. SSA is higher in North China during summer but higher in South China during winter. Aerosols induce negative forcing at the top of the atmosphere(TOA) and surface during both winter and summer, which may be responsible for the decrease in temperature and the increase in relative humidity.Values of ADRF at the surface are four times stronger than those at the TOA. Both AOD and ADRF present strong interannual variations; however, their amplitudes are larger in summer. Moreover, patterns and trends of ADRF do not always correspond well to those of AOD. Differences in the spatial distributions of ADRF between strong and weak monsoon years are captured effectively. Generally, the present results justify that to calculate grid-cell ADRF at a large scale using the SBDART model with observational aerosol optical properties and reanalysis data is an effective approach. 相似文献
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基于武汉大学发布的BDS-2/3观测量偏差(OSB)改正产品,采用国内8个iGMAS测站1个月的观测数据,分析OSB改正前后对B1I/B3I旧频点及B1C/B2a新频点2种组合模式下BDS-2/3伪距单点定位(SPP)和精密单点定位(PPP)精度的影响。结果表明,B1I、B3I、B1C和B2a的OSB年均值为-80～70 ns,各频点OSB年稳定性分别为3.41 ns、5.87 ns、2.04 ns和2.32 ns。在BDS-2/3伪距单点定位方面,改正后B1I/B3I组合的3D方向定位精度优于2.53 m, B1C/B2a组合的3D方向定位精度优于3.84 m,二者精度提升均不明显。在BDS-2/3精密单点定位方面,B1I/B3I组合的3D方向定位精度优于7.7 cm,提升约20.6%,收敛时间约为38 min,提升约7.3%;B1C/B2a组合的3D方向定位精度优于3.7 cm,提升约11.9%,收敛时间约为36 min,提升约16.3%。 相似文献
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云南曲靖地区的关底组产出世界闻名的潇湘脊椎动物群(Xiaoxiang Vertebate Fauna),但其地层的划分对比和时代归属一直存有争议,特别是其下部地层的划分及时代归属争议最大。通过在曲靖城南以关底组下段地层为主的刘家冲剖面上开展详细的野外及室内地层古生物学研究工作,文章厘清了该剖面上的志留纪地层,并依据采自数个层位样品中丰富的鱼类微体化石材料探讨了关底组下部的地质时代。研究结果表明:刘家冲剖面上出露的志留纪地层根据岩性变化特征可划分为关底组Ⅰ段(岳家山段)、Ⅱ段(崇家湾段)和Ⅲ段(彩莲段);Ⅰ段的下部以浅黄色、浅黄绿色含砾粉砂质泥岩、钙质粉砂岩为主,未见化石,而上部以深灰色、灰黑色页岩为主,含少量腕足类Lingula sp.及双壳类;Ⅱ段则以灰绿色、暗紫红色页岩互层、并夹薄层状灰岩为主,从下往上灰岩夹层逐渐增多,含丰富的腕足类、海百合茎等无脊椎动物化石及鱼类微体化石;在关底组Ⅲ段地层中首次发现的鱼类微体化石多样性高,门类比较齐全,包括无颌类、盾皮鱼类、棘鱼类和硬骨鱼类四大早期脊椎动物类群,从鱼群组成面貌上看隶属于潇湘脊椎动物群扬子鱼类组合(Yangtze Fish Assemblage)。笔者主要依据对其中棘鱼类的全球对比分析研究,并在结合牙形类等无脊椎动物化石研究进展及新认识的基础上,深入探讨了关底组下部Ⅰ段及Ⅱ段的地质时代。关底组Ⅱ段的时代应为志留纪罗德洛世高斯特晚期(late Gorstian, Ludlow),关底组Ⅰ段含砾岩层之上、含盾皮鱼类“王氏鱼”(Wangolepis)的地层,则应归入罗德洛世高斯特早期(early Gorstian, Ludlow),而在该剖面上尚未发现鱼类化石的关底组Ⅰ段下部,目前还不能确定全部归入高斯特阶(Gorstian),有可能会下延到温洛克统(Wenlock)之中。文章中相关工作的开展,不仅为中国志留纪生物地层的精深研究提供了古鱼类学方面的可靠证据,而且为探讨早期脊椎动物演化提供了新的地质年代意见。 相似文献
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凡纳滨对虾不同家系间繁殖性状的比较 总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2
在相同的养殖条件下,从15个凡纳滨对虾(Litopenaeus vannamei)留种家系中各筛选30尾雌虾,记录60 d内每尾雌虾的产卵时体质量(SW)、产卵量(EN)、卵径(ED)、受精率(FR)、受精卵孵化率(HR)、连续两次产卵间隔时间(SI),分析各家系繁殖性状的差异性和各繁殖性状间的相关性。结果显示,各家系间繁殖相关性状差异显著(P<0.05),其中F415家系SW为55.36 g,显著大于其他家系(P<0.05),F413家系EN最高为26.52万粒,F402家系雌虾产卵FR和HR率均最高分别为83.19%和84.68%,F407、F401家系SI最短分别为5.03 d和5.06 d,以EN>20万粒、SI<9 d、FR>60%、HR>60%为选择标准,筛选出F401、F405、F407、F409、F413、F415六个家系雌虾作为凡纳滨对虾高繁殖力品系培育的亲虾;各繁殖性状中SW与EN间的相关系数为0.260呈极显著相关(P<0.01),EN与FR和HR间的相关系数分别为0.155和0.239呈极显著相关(P<0.01),SI与EN和HR间的相关系数分别为-0.121和-0.078分别呈极显著负相关(P<0.01)和显著负相关(P<0.05)。研究表明,凡纳滨对虾雌虾繁殖性能具有较大的家系选择潜力;在高繁殖力凡纳滨对虾品系培育的过程中应以雌虾平均单次产卵量和连续两次产卵间隔时间作为的选育的目标性状。 相似文献
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在高精度GNSS定位中,接收机天线相位中心偏差(PCO)和天线相位中心变化(PCV)的影响不可忽略。目前,IGS发布的绝对天线相位模型文件中包含了GPS/GLONASS系统的标定值,但是没有发布北斗系统(BDS)的标定值。本文借助机械臂可以控制天线自由旋转,在数小时内实现全方位GNSS观测的特性,采用历元间差分的方法对接收机天线包括GPS L1/L2和BDSB1I/B2I/B3I等多个频点的PCO和PCV分别进行标定和拟合。标定结果表明,比较最小二乘估计的GPS PCO与IGS发布值,其STD和RMS在L1/L2上均小于1 mm;BDS PCO估计值的STD在B1I/B2I/B3I上分别为0.5、0.3、0.3 mm。利用球谐函数拟合的GPS PCV格网值与IGS发布值相比,其偏差在天顶距小于75°时均小于1.5 mm。BDS PCV拟合值范围均在-5~8 mm,且随天顶距变化曲线呈现波谷状。BDS PCV在低高度角处拟合值波动较大,随方位角变化曲线峰值-峰值最大达到了5.6 mm。 相似文献
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鉴于SWAN模型不能有效地模拟侧边界附近的风浪场,详细研究了在不同水深和风速情况下模型侧边界附近波要素,包括波高、周期、波向和波长的变化特征和失真范围。计算结果表明水深和风速的变化对于侧边界附近不同波要素的影响是不同的。在风速一定的情况下,失真范围随着水深的增大而增大。在水深一定的情况下,根据波高、周期和波长的相对误差所计算的失真范围与根据他们的绝对误差所计算的失真范围不同。随着风速的增大,根据相对误差所计算的失真范围减小;而根据绝对误差所计算的失真范围变化不大。随着风速的增大,波向的失真范围减小。研究了在水深变化的水域,包括太湖和淀山湖在内的侧边界附近的风浪场,结果表明如果计算范围不适当扩大确实会导致侧边界附近的风浪场失真。因此在利用SWAN模型模拟计算近岸或内陆湖泊风浪场时,需采取适当的措施以减小计算误差。 相似文献
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