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Marie Boucher Guillaume Favreau Marc Descloitres Jean-Michel Vouillamoz Sylvain Massuel Yahaya Nazoumou Bernard Cappelaere Anatoli Legchenko 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2009,341(10-11):800-809
Subsurface geophysical surveys were carried out using a large range of methods in an unconfined sandstone aquifer in semiarid south-western Niger for improving both the conceptual model of water flow through the unsaturated zone and the parameterization of numerical a groundwater model of the aquifer. Methods included: electromagnetic mapping, electrical resistivity tomography (ERT), resistivity logging, time domain electromagnetic sounding (TDEM), and magnetic resonance sounding (MRS). Analyses of electrical conductivities, complemented by geochemical measurements, allowed us to identify preferential pathways for infiltration and drainage beneath gullies and alluvial fans. The mean water content estimated by MRS (13%) was used for computing the regional groundwater recharge from long-term change in the water table. The ranges in permeability and water content obtained with MRS allowed a reduction of the degree of freedom of aquifer parameters used in groundwater modelling. 相似文献
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Contribution of magnetic resonance sounding to aquifer characterization and recharge estimate in semiarid Niger 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
J.M. Vouillamoz G. Favreau S. Massuel M. Boucher Y. Nazoumou A. Legchenko 《Journal of Applied Geophysics》2008,64(3-4):99-108
To improve the knowledge of the regionally important Continental Terminal 3 (CT3) aquifer in south-western Niger, fifteen magnetic resonance soundings (MRS) were carried out in December 2005 in the vicinity of wells and boreholes. The output MRS geophysical parameters, i.e. water content and decay constants versus depth, were compared to hydrogeological characteristics, i.e. water table depth, total porosity, specific yield and transmissivity estimated from direct measurements, pumping tests and transient groundwater modelling. The MRS-determined parameters were then used to estimate the rates of groundwater recharge.Contained in poorly consolidated Tertiary sandstones, the CT3 aquifer's water table has continuously risen by 4 m in total over the past four decades. Additionally, a significant portion of this increase has occurred in the past decade alone, with an annual rise now ranging between 0.1 and 0.3 m depending on the monitored well. Increase in groundwater recharge due to land clearance and deforestation explains this situation. According to previous estimations, the pre-clearing recharge ranged from 1 to 5 mm per year in 1950–60 s, while more recent recharge rates (1990s–2000s) range from 20 to 50 mm per year. These recharge values are directly affected by estimated aquifer specific yield value, while the spatial variation of rates of water table rise can be attributed to large scale hydrodynamic heterogeneities in the aquifer. However, few field measurements were available to confirm these assumptions.The main results of this study are: (1) The water table depth and aquifer transmissivity are estimated from MRS output parameters with an average accuracy of ± 10% and ± 9% respectively. (2) The MRS-determined water content is linked to both the total porosity and the specific yield of the aquifer, but no quantitative formulation can be proposed as yet. (3) Using the average MRS-determined water content over the investigated area, i.e. 13%, the groundwater recharge rates can be estimated to be ~ 2 mm per year in the 1950–1960s (pre-clearing period), and ~ 23 mm per year for the last decade. (4) The variations in specific yield and transmissivity cannot explain by themselves the spatial variability of the rise of the water table. (5) The ranges in transmissivity and water content obtained from MRS are more realistic than the groundwater modelling outputs. Therefore, MRS could be used to better constrain the aquifer parameters in groundwater modelling with a dense site network.Finally, this work illustrates how MRS can successfully improve characterisation and transient multi-year groundwater balance of commonly found sedimentary aquifers, particularly when integrated with well observations and pumping tests. 相似文献
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Development of hilly areas requiring deforestation and increased human activities has raised many environmental issues in
the world. This paper presents the results of investigation to assess the parameters that contribute to the risk to environment
by reviewing available reports from Penang Island and surrounding areas. Nine parameters were identified that mostly contribute
to the environmental risk. These are casualties of people, soil properties, earth coverage, soil grading characteristics,
land use suitability, factor of safety, blasting area, distance between proposed structure to slope and geometry of slope.
From these parameters, the rated risk approaches were proposed based on the prediction of occurrences of environmental issues.
The rated risks were categorised from very high (5) to very low (1) with high, medium and low in between. The assessments
were reviewed and evaluated based on rated risk for the chosen parameters. A map was developed identifying areas of environmental
risk. The map can be used to quantify risk to the environment based on the parameters due to the proposed development. The
overall result shows that areas PD3 of Tanjung Bungah and PD3, PD8 and PD9 of Paya Terubong have high-rated risk. No development
area is classified as very high risk and very low-risk areas. These rating approaches can be used to develop potential risk
zoning of proposed development areas. From this zoning guideline or standard, the viability of any proposed development can
be measured. 相似文献
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M. Boucher G. Favreau J. M. Vouillamoz Y. Nazoumou A. Legchenko 《Hydrogeology Journal》2009,17(7):1805-1815
The unconfined aquifer of the Continental Terminal in Niger was investigated by magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) and by 14 pumping tests in order to improve calibration of MRS outputs at field scale. The reliability of the standard relationship used for estimating aquifer transmissivity by MRS was checked; it was found that the parametric factor can be estimated with an uncertainty ≤150% by a single point of calibration. The MRS water content (θ MRS) was shown to be positively correlated with the specific yield (Sy), and θ MRS always displayed higher values than Sy. A conceptual model was subsequently developed, based on estimated changes of the total porosity, Sy, and the specific retention Sr as a function of the median grain size. The resulting relationship between θ MRS and Sy showed a reasonably good fit with the experimental dataset, considering the inherent heterogeneity of the aquifer matrix (residual error is ～60%). Interpreted in terms of aquifer parameters, MRS data suggest a log-normal distribution of the permeability and a one-sided Gaussian distribution of Sy. These results demonstrate the efficiency of the MRS method for fast and low-cost prospection of hydraulic parameters for large unconfined aquifers. 相似文献
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Magnetic resonance sounding (MRS) is a noninvasive geophysical method that allows estimating the free water content and transmissivity of aquifers. In this article, the ability of MRS to improve the reliability of a numerical groundwater model is assessed. Thirty-five sites were investigated by MRS over a ～5000 km(2) domain of the sedimentary Continental Terminal aquifer in SW Niger. Time domain electromagnetic soundings were jointly carried out to estimate the aquifer thickness. A groundwater model was previously built for this section of the aquifer and forced by the outputs from a distributed surface hydrology model, to simulate the observed long-term (1992 to 2003) rise in the water table. Uncertainty analysis had shown that independent estimates of the free water content and transmissivity values of the aquifer would facilitate cross-evaluation of the surface-water and groundwater models. MRS results indicate ranges for permeability (K = 1 × 10(-5) to 3 × 10(-4) m/s) and for free water content (w = 5% to 23% m(3) /m(3) ) narrowed by two orders of magnitude (K) and by ～50% (w), respectively, compared to the ranges of permeability and specific yield values previously considered. These shorter parameter ranges result in a reduction in the model's equifinality (whereby multiple combinations of model's parameters are able to represent the same observed piezometric levels), allowing a better constrained estimate to be derived for net aquifer recharge (～22 mm/year). 相似文献
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J. Lang M. Yahaya M. O. el Hamet J. C. Besombes M. Cazoulat 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1991,80(3):611-622
Résumé Sur la bordure occidentale de l'Aïr, les dépôts du Viséen inférieur présentent des tillites surmontées par des argilites à blocaux et des rythmites, puis par des sables fluvio-glaciaires. On y observe des structures sédimentaires typiques: eskers, kames, stries et cannelures et blocs lachés. Ces dépôts, relativement localisés dans le temps et dans l'espace (sur 500 km en latitude), sont associés à un bombement de faible amplitude du vieux socle. Compte tenu des paléolatitudes de cette époque, la région se situerait vers 50°S et on peut penser que ce dôme a été recouvert par une calotte unique ou par de petites calottes glaciaires induites par un refroidissement régional, comme actuellement aux îles Kerguelen à 47°S, ou même global.D'autres dépôts à caractères glaciaires et scellés par des formations datées du Dévonien, suggèrent qu'une autre glaciation plus ancienne a pu exister dans la région.
The Lower Visean deposits from western margin of the Aïr Mounts in Niger contain tillites, overlain by boulder argillites and rythmites covered by glaciofluvial sands. Typical sedimentary structures, such as eskers, kames, striation and fluting, dropped boulders were observed. These deposits, narrowly located in time and space (over 500 km in latitude) can be related to the presence of a low altitude dome of the basement. Considering the paleolatitudes at that time, the area would have been situated at about 50°S. This dome may have been covered with small ice caps, associated with a regional cooling, such as presently Kerguelen Islands at 47°S, or be due to a global cooling.Other deposits with glacial characteristics, observed under dated Devonian formations, suggest that an earlier glaciation could have exist in the region.
Zusammenfassung Am Westrand des Aïr besteht das untere Visean aus Tilliten. Diese werden von Tonsteinen mit erratischen Blöcken und Rhythmiten überlagert. Höher folgen fluvioglaziale Sande. Typische Merkmale der glazigenen Schichtenfolge sind Oser, Kames, Gletscherschrammen und -furchen, einzelne Gesteinsblöcke etc. Das Vorkommen dieser Sedimente bleibt auf einem rund 500 km breiten Streifen im Bereich einer schwachen Aufwölbung des Grundgebirges beschränkt. Unter Berücksichtigung der zu dieser Zeit anzunehmenden Paläobreite würde dieses Gebiet bei etwa 50°S liegen, so daß die domartige Struktur von kleinen Eiskappen bedeckt gewesen sein könnte. Ihre Bildung zeigt damit eine regionale oder sogar eine globale Abkühlung an (wie jetzt für die Kerguelen-Inseln bei 47°S).Andere gleichfalls eiszeitliche Ablagerungen, die von sicher datierten Schichten des Devon überlagert werden, machen eine weitere — ältere — Vereisung in dieser Region wahrscheinlich.
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