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Arzu Çöltekin Rebecca Francelet Kai-Florian Richter John Thoresen Sara Irina Fabrikant 《制图学和地理信息科学》2018,45(4):339-353
We report on how visual realism might influence map-based route learning performance in a controlled laboratory experiment with 104 male participants in a competitive context. Using animations of a dot moving through routes of interest, we find that participants recall the routes more accurately with abstract road maps than with more realistic satellite maps. We also find that, irrespective of visual realism, participants with higher spatial abilities (high-spatial participants) are more accurate in memorizing map-based routes than participants with lower spatial abilities (low-spatial participants). On the other hand, added visual realism limits high-spatial participants in their route recall speed, while it seems not to influence the recall speed of low-spatial participants. Competition affects participants’ overall confidence positively, but does not affect their route recall performance neither in terms of accuracy nor speed. With this study, we provide further empirical evidence demonstrating that it is important to choose the appropriate map type considering task characteristics and spatial abilities. While satellite maps might be perceived as more fun to use, or visually more attractive than road maps, they also require more cognitive resources for many map-based tasks, which is true even for high-spatial users. 相似文献
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Fabrikant A.L. Spiesberger J.L. Silivra A.A. Hurlburt E.E. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》1998,23(1):20-25
An acoustic tomography simulation is carried out in the eastern North Pacific ocean to assess whether climate trends are better detected and mapped with mobile or fixed receivers. In both cases, acoustic signals from two stationary sources are transmitted to ten receivers. Natural variability of the sound-speed field is simulated with the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) layered-ocean model. A sequential Kalman-Bucy filter is used to estimate the sound speed field, where the a priori error covariance matrix of the parameters is estimated from the NRL model. A spatially homogeneous climate trend is added to the NRL fluctuations of sound speed, but the trend is not parameterized in the Kalman filter. Acoustic travel times are computed between the sources and receivers by combining sound speeds from the NRL model with those from the unparameterized climate trend. The effects of the unparameterized climate trend are projected onto parameters which eventually drift beyond acceptable limits. At that time, the unparameterized trend is detected. Mobile and fixed receivers detect the trend at about the same time. At detection time, however, maps from fixed receivers are less accurate because some of the unparameterized climate trend is projected onto tile spatially varying harmonics of the sound-speed field. With mobile receivers, the synthetic apertures suppress the projection onto these harmonics. Instead, the unparametrized trend is correctly projected onto the spatially homogeneous portion of the parameterized sound-speed field 相似文献
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Silivra A.A. Spiesberger J.L. Fabrikant A.L. Hurlburt H.E. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》1997,22(1):143-150
A basin-scale acoustic tomography simulation is carried out for the northeast Pacific Ocean to determine the accuracy with which time must be kept at the sources when clocks at the receivers are accurate. A sequential Kalman filter is used to estimate sound-speed fluctuations and clock errors. Sound-speed fluctuations in the simulated ocean are estimated from an eddy-resolving hydrodynamic model of the Pacific forced by realistic wind fields at daily resolution from 1981-1993. The model output resembles features associated with El Nino and the Southern Oscillation, as well as many other features of the ocean's circulation. Using a Rossby-wave resolving acoustic array of four fixed sources and twenty drifting receivers, the authors find that the percentage of the modeled ocean's sound-speed variance accounted for with tomography is 92% at 400-km resolution, regardless of the accuracy of the clocks. Clocks which drift up to hundreds of seconds of error or more for a year do not degrade tomographic images of the model ocean. Tomographic reconstructions of the sound-speed field are insensitive to clock error primarily because of the wide variety of distances between the receivers from each source. Every receiver “sees” the same clock error from each source, regardless of section length, but the sound-speed fluctuations in the modeled ocean cannot yield travel times which lead to systematic changes in travel time that are independent of section length. The Kalman filter is thus able to map the sound-speed field accurately in the presence of large errors at the source's clocks 相似文献
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Reva Fabrikant 《Marine pollution bulletin》1984,15(7):249-253
Changes in the population density and size of the clam Parvilucina tenuisculpta were related to municipal waste effluent (in particular, organic nitrogen concentration) off the coast of Palos Verdes, California. Average clam size increased as sediment organic nitrogen concentration increased, but population density increased until organic nitrogen concentration reached a critical level when population density decreased dramatically. These effects were explained in terms of increased available nutrition (in the form of sediment organic nitrogen pollutants) enhancing both population and individual size growth. However, when a critical concentration of organic decomposition products was reached, population density decreased due to the toxicity of the released compounds. It is suggested that Parvilucina tenuisculpta would make a good bioindicator of organic enrichment pollution. 相似文献
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May Yuan Sara Fabrikant 《International journal of geographical information science》2014,28(6):1205-1208
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Interactive 3D geo-browsers, also known as globe viewers, are popular, because they are easy and fun to use. However, it is still an open question whether highly interactive, 3D geographic data browsing, and visualization displays support effective and efficient spatio-temporal decision making. Moreover, little is known about the role of time constraints for spatio-temporal decision-making in an interactive, 3D context. In this article, we present an empirical approach to assess the effect of decision-time constraints on the quality of spatio-temporal decision-making when using 3D geo-browsers, such as GoogleEarth, in 3D task contexts of varying complexity. Our experimental results suggest that while, overall, people interact more with interactive geo-browsers when not under time pressure, this does not mean that they are also more accurate or more confident in their decisions when solving typical 3D cartometric tasks. Surprisingly, we also find that 2D interaction capabilities (i.e., zooming and panning) are more frequently used for 3D tasks than 3D interaction tools (i.e., rotating and tilting), regardless of time pressure. Finally, we find that background and training of tested users do not seem to influence 3D task performance. In summary, our study does not provide any evidence for the added value of using interactive 3D globe viewers when needing to solve 3D cartometric tasks with or without time pressure. 相似文献
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Mapping climatic temperature changes in the ocean with acoustictomography: navigational requirements
Spiesberger J.L. Fabrikant A.L. Silivra A.A. Hurlburt H.E. 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》1997,22(1):128-142
In eddy-resolving hydrodynamic models, first-mode baroclinic Rossby waves linked to El Nino/Southern Oscillation are the dominant features which change basin-wide temperatures below the seasonal thermocline in the northeast Pacific at periods less than a decade. Simulations are carried out in which Rossby waves are mapped using acoustic tomography. Based on the model which propagated these waves, a Kalman filter is used to map temperature signals for a year. The modeled data are taken from a dense network of acoustic tomography sections. At 300-m depth, where the temperature perturbations associated with Rossby waves are about ±1°C, 80% to 90% of the model variance is accounted for with tomographic estimates. The corresponding standard deviations of the estimates are less than 0.1°C at 400-km resolution. About 80% of the model variance is accounted for with tomography when the navigational errors of the sources and receivers are as poor as one kilometer. Consequently, it may be unnecessary to accurately navigate actual tomographic instruments to map climate change. Modeling results are insensitive to: 1) a reduction in data due to a significant number of instruments which fail; 2) whether the instruments are mobile or fixed; 3) the detailed trajectories of mobile receivers; 4) the shape of the a priori spectrum of ocean fluctuations; 5) the corrections to the acoustic travel-time biases; and 6) the errors in the sound-speed algorithm. In basin-scale arrays, the modeled variance of acoustic travel time depends on the horizontal wavenumber of temperature as k-5.5. Because sound has little sensitivity to small wavelengths, modeled Rossby waves can be mapped in a day from a few sources and of order ten receivers. The results only depend on the model having large scales in space and time 相似文献
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An empirical evaluation of three elevation change symbolization methods along routes in bicycle maps
ABSTRACTElevation change is critical for choosing a route when bicycling. We detail an empirical study in which we comparatively evaluated three linear symbolization types (color hue, color-coded arrows, and elevation profiles) to depict elevation change in bicycle maps for two common bicycle route planning tasks: relative height detection and slope identification. Participants performed most accurately with the color-coded arrows for relative height detection tasks, whereas symbolization did not significantly influence map-use performance for slope identification. Participants preferred the elevation profile, in spite of their lowest performance with this method overall. Our rare empirical findings offer much needed new insights into the function and appropriateness of common elevation symbolization methods, specifically to identify elevation change in bicycle route planning tasks in urban areas where map display real estate is already very limited. 相似文献
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Spatialized Browsing in Large Data Archives 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Sara I. Fabrikant 《Transactions in GIS》2000,4(1):65-78
Exponentially growing data archives emphasize the need for efficient techniques and novel approaches to find and extract information. Information visualization has emerged in the Information Retrieval domain to facilitate access to large databases. This development acknowledges the need to focus on higher level cognitive processes in information seeking. Graphic depictions of large databases are increasingly based on the spatial metaphor. These representations are also known as spatialized views or information spaces. Whereas space as a data property has implications for the design and implementation of spatial information systems, this paper explores whether commonly used spatial concepts could be used as browsing metaphors to explore a digital library catalog. A proof of concept is provided that illustrates how spatial metaphors might be embodied in a query interface to visually explore the catalog of the Alexandria Digital Library. This experimental interface includes an information landscape that is based on three spatial concepts, distance (similarity), arrangement (dispersion and concentration), and scale (level of detail). 相似文献
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Jérémie Ory Sidonie Christophe Sara Irina Fabrikant Benedicte Bucher 《The Cartographic journal》2013,50(2):193-203
The process of reading a topographic map requires users to recognize and learn the cartographic symbols of the key (or legend) while interpreting the territory as depicted on the map at a given level of abstraction (the form and nature of features, their saliency and relationships). We present the results of an empirical user study that aims to identify and assess the main graphical characteristics that are used by map users to recognize the design principles which constitute the topographic mapping style adopted by IGN (Institut National de l'Information Géographique et Forestière), France. Our results suggest that 91% of the participants were able to recognize an IGN-France topographic map amongst other topographic map products. We also determine which graphical characteristics play a role in the recognition of this cartographic style, either by visual memory or by visual perception, and identify the representation of relief, including contour lines and shaded relief, as one of the major graphical characteristics of the topographic mapping style of IGN-France. Moreover, the participants of our study considered the representation of touristic POI (points of interest), toponymy, typography, the main roads network, the individual buildings and the forests, to be essential for stylistic recognition. 相似文献
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