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1.
Heat flow estimated from the gas hydrate layers on the landward slope of the Nankai Trough reveals that heat flow increases downslope toward the trench floor. This data plus six new heat flow values obtained by a conventional probe and two values available from DSDP drill holes give a fairly detailed heat flow distribution in the Nankai Trough area, when combined with the already existing data set. There appears to be a zonal pattern parallel to the trough axis, with a high heat flow zone on the floor of the trough that is quite anomalous for a subduction zone. It might be explained as a result of subduction of the hot portion of the Philippine Sea plate, i.e. the Shikoku Basin, and/or of more local effects such as heating due to intrusion of hot water from subducted sediments to shallow depth beneath the trough floor. Surface heat flow patterns landward of the trough were calculated for a simple thermal model of subduction. Perfect reproduction of the observed zonal pattern is difficult to achieve by the simple model, suggesting the necessity for further heat flow and other observations. 相似文献
2.
Makoto Yamano Masataka Kinoshita Shusaku Goto 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》2008,97(2):345-352
Thirty-three new measurements on the seaward slope and outer rise of the Japan Trench along a parallel of 38°45′N revealed
the existence of high heat flow anomalies on the subducting Pacific plate, where the seafloor age is about 135 m.y.. The most
prominent anomaly with the highest value of 114 mW/m2 is associated with a small mound on the outer rise, which was reported to be a kind of mud volcano. On the seaward slope
of the trench, heat flow is variable: high (70–90 mW/m2) at some locations and normal for the seafloor age (about 50 mW/m2) at others. The spatial variation of heat flow may be related to development of normal faults and horst/graben structures
due to bending of the Pacific plate before subduction, with fluid flow along the fault zones enhancing the vertical heat transfer.
Possible heat sources of the high heat flow anomalies are intra-plate volcanism in the last several million years like that
discovered recently on the Pacific plate east of the Japan Trench. 相似文献
3.
Kozo Sugihara Hisaya Yoshioka Hiroya Matsui Toshinori Sato 《Engineering Geology》1993,35(3-4):223-228
A shaft with a diameter of 6 m and a depth of 150 m was excavated in sedimentary rocks. Anin situ study was carried out to identify the size and rock properties of the zone disturbed by the excavation and to estimate the applicability of existing methods for measuring and modelling such a zone. The study detected displacements and changes in the properties of the rock within about 1 m of the shaft wall. Numerical analysis using a model of continuous rock mass can simulate some features of disturbance due to excavation, although slight discrepancies exist between the measured and analysed results. The excavation disturbance detected in this study is probably due to fracturing, the redistribution of stress and undersaturation. However, the relationships between the disturbance due to excavation and these processes have not been quantified. The existing methods for measurements and numerical analysis can provide important information on the disturbance due to excavation but need to be improved to understand disturbance due to excavation further. 相似文献
4.
delta15N of seagrass leaves for monitoring anthropogenic nutrient increases in coral reef ecosystems
In a coral reef environment, a slight increase in dissolved inorganic nitrogen (DIN;> or =1.0 micro M) can alter the ecosystem via macroalgal blooms. We collected seagrass leaves from the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean in five countries and examined the interactions between nutrient concentrations (C, N, P), molar ratios of nutrients, and delta15N to find a possible indicator of the DIN conditions. Within most sites, the concentrations of nutrients and their molar ratios showed large variations owing to species-specific values. On the other hand, almost identical delta15N values were found in seagrass leaves of several species at each site. The correlations between delta15N and nutrient concentrations and between delta15N and molar ratios of nutrients suggested that nutrient availability did not affect the delta15N value of seagrass leaves by altering the physiological condition of the plants. Increases in delta15N of seagrass leaves mostly matched increases in DIN concentrations in the bottom water. We suggest that delta15N in seagrass leaves can be a good tool to monitor time-integrated decrease/increase of DIN concentrations at a site, both in the water column and the interstitial water. 相似文献
5.
V. Čermák J. Šafanda L. Bodri M. Yamano E. Gordeev 《Studia Geophysica et Geodaetica》2006,50(4):675-695
To reconstruct the recent climate history in Kamchatka, a series of repeated precise temperature logs were performed in a
number of boreholes located in a broad east-west strip (between 52 and 54°N) in the central part of Kamchatka west of Petropavlovsk-Kamchatski.
Within three years more than 30 temperature logs were performed in 10 holes (one up to six logs per hole) to the depth of
up to 400 metres. Measured temperature gradients varied in a broad interval 0 to 60 mK/m and in some holes a sizeable variation
in the subsurface temperatures due to advective heat transport by underground water was observed. Measured data were compared
with older temperature profiles obtained in the early eighties by Sugrobov and Yanovsky (1993). Even when older data are of
poorer precision (accuracy of about 0.1 K), they presented valuable information of the subsurface temperature conditions existing
20–25 years ago. Borehole observations and the inverted ground surface temperature histories (GSTHs) used for the paleoclimate
reconstruction were complemented with a detailed survey of meteorological data. Namely, the long-term surface air temperature
(SAT) and precipitation records from Petropavlovsk station (in operation since 1890) were used together with similar data
from a number of local subsidiary meteo-stations operating in Central Kamchatka since 1950. Regardless of extreme complexity
of the local meteorological/climate conditions, diversity of borehole sites and calibration of measuring devices used during
the whole campaign, the results of the climate reconstruction supported a general warming of about 1 K characteristic for
the 20th century, which followed an inexpressive cooler period typical for the most of the 19th century. In the last three
to four decades the warming rate has been locally increasing up to 0.02 K/year. It was also shown that the snow cover played
a dominant role in the penetration of the climate “signal” to depth and could considerably smooth down the subsurface response
to the changes occurred on the surface. 相似文献
6.
Atoll island vulnerability to flooding and inundation revealed by historical reconstruction: Fongafale Islet, Funafuti Atoll, Tuvalu 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Hiroya Yamano Hajime Kayanne Toru Yamaguchi Yuji Kuwahara Hiromune Yokoki Hiroto Shimazaki Masashi Chikamori 《Global and Planetary Change》2007,57(3-4):407-416
The reef islands formed on coral atolls are generally small, low, and flat, with elevations of only a few meters. These islands are thus highly vulnerable to elevated sea levels caused by extreme events and global warming. Such vulnerability was recently evidenced at Fongafale Islet, the capital of Tuvalu, when it flooded during accelerated spring high tides possibly related to sea level rise caused by global warming. Many factors, not only environmental but also economic and social, determine the vulnerability of an island to sea level rise. In this study, we used data spanning 108 yrs to reconstruct changes in topography, land use/cover, population, and the distribution of buildings at Fongafale Islet. The results indicate that the vulnerability of Fongafale Islet relates to its original landform characteristics: the central part of the island was formerly dominated by swampland that flooded at high tides. Fongafale Islet experienced greater population in-migration and centralization beginning in the 1970s following the independence of Tuvalu and Kiribati. Migrants were also responding to declines in overseas mining operations and limited options for paid employment. As the population increased, construction took place in vulnerable swampland areas. Our results clearly demonstrate that examinations of global environmental issues should focus on characteristics specific to the region of interest. These characteristics should be specified using historical reconstruction to understand and address the vulnerability of an area to global environmental changes. 相似文献
7.
日本原子能机构(Japan Atomic Energy Agency)提出了一种方法,即通过地表原地应力测量所得的有限数据精确估算任意一点的实际原地应力状态分布.我们假定实际地应力是由上覆岩层压力和板块构造力的综合作用形成的,并建立了两种模型:三维有限元模型和边界元模型,模型考虑了地质情况的不均匀性,如岩石类型的变化和... 相似文献
8.
To examine the accumulation pattern of organotin compounds (OTs) in relation to the migration of diadromous fish, tributyltin (TBT) and triphenyltin (TPT) compounds and their derivatives were determined in the muscle tissue of both sea-run (anadromous) and freshwater-resident (nonanadromous) types of the white-spotted charr Salvelinus leucomaenis. There were generally no significant correlations between the TBT and TPT accumulation and various biological characteristics such as the total length (TL), body weight (BW), age and sex in S. leucomaenis. It is noteworthy that the TBT and TPT concentrations in sea-run white-spotted charr were significantly higher than in freshwater-resident individuals, although they are intraspecies. These results suggest that the sea-run S. leucomaenis has a higher ecological risk of TBT and TPT exposure than the freshwater-residents during their life history. 相似文献
9.
Rachmat Fajar Lubis Makoto Yamano Robert Delinom Sudaryanto Martosuparno Yasuo Sakura Shusaku Goto Akinobu Miyakoshi Makoto Taniguchi 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,70(5):2033-2038
Urbanization has become one of the domain processes for city development in Indonesia. The results of the extremely high densities of fast growing population have led to negative subsurface environmental impact. Jakarta, as one of the rapidly developed and urbanized cities in Southeast Asia, has become one of the interesting urbanization city to analyze its effects. In Jakarta, the use of groundwater has greatly accelerated conforming to the rise in its population and the development of the industrial sector, which consume a relatively large amount of water. The increase of groundwater exploitation in Jakarta city has already caused a negative impact on these resources. Therefore, an assessment of groundwater trends in the urban area, including their hazard and risk management, is a necessary action. This paper describes the assessment of urban groundwater loading caused by human concentration in Jakarta city. Subsurface heat contamination under the condition of surface warming shows significant effects of urban groundwater loading during the past century in Jakarta city. 相似文献
10.
Sayaka Sogawa Hiroya Sugisaki Hiroaki Saito Yuji Okazaki Shinji Shimode Tomohiko Kikuchi 《Journal of Oceanography》2013,69(1):71-85
The relationship between euphausiid community structure and water region was studied during a 2-year seasonal survey in the northwestern (NW) Pacific Ocean. The euphausiid community structure and its associated species were analyzed from 38 micronekton samples collected during eight cruises. The euphausiid community structure and its distribution patterns clearly corresponded to physical oceanographic features in the Oyashio region, Oyashio–Kuroshio Mixed Water Region (OKMWR), and Kuroshio region. In contrast, community structure was unrelated to seasonality. The 19 species out of 40 identified in this area were grouped and named after their habitats. The six cold-water species were grouped into three regional types: two coastal Oyashio species, three Oyashio–OKMWR species, and one Oyashio–Kuroshio species. The four species dominating in the OKMWR were categorized into each specific types: Nematoscelis difficilis as OKMWR–Oyashio species, Euphausia gibboides as OKMWR species, Euphausia similis as OKMWR–Oyashio & OKMWR–Kuroshio species, and Euphausia recurva as OKMWR–Kuroshio species. The seven warm-water species were categorized as Kuroshio–OKMWR species or Kuroshio species. The other two species were categorized as cosmopolitan species. In particular, regarding the result in the OKMWR, our study suggest that (1) the OKMWR has high species diversity, and (2) the dominant species, such as Euphausia pacifica, N. difficilis, E. similis, and E. gibboides, are considered to be key species in the food webs in this region. 相似文献