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1.
Putting Japanese investment in Europe in its place 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Summary Research on Japanese economic activity in Europe concentrates almost exclusively on investment in manufacturing. However, this paper demonstrates that this emphasis both underestimates the longevity of Japanese direct investment in Europe and also grossly underdefines the importance of services. Not only does Japanese direct investment have a much longer history in Europe than is usually recognized but also—and perhaps more significantly—the bulk of that investment is not in manufacturing production per se but in a variety of circulation services. Using establishment-level data, this paper shows that the spatial manifestation of these circulation services is very different from that of manufacturing production. 相似文献
2.
Unlike the limit equilibrium method (LEM), with which only the global safety factor of the landslide can be calculated, a local safety factor (LSF) method is proposed to evaluate the stability of different sections of a landslide in this paper. Based on three-dimensional (3D) numerical simulation results, the local safety factor is defined as the ratio of the shear strength of the soil at an element on the slip zone to the shear stress parallel to the sliding direction at that element. The global safety factor of the landslide is defined as the weighted average of all local safety factors based on the area of the slip surface. Some example analyses show that the results computed by the LSF method agree well with those calculated by the General Limit Equilibrium (GLE) method in two-dimensional (2D) models and the distribution of the LSF in the 3D slip zone is consistent with that indicated by the observed deformation pattern of an actual landslide in China. 相似文献
3.
This paper is an extension of the earlier one dealing with kyanite in which the best fitting value of the oxygen ligand distance for Cr3+ is adopted to study the spectroscopic properties of Cr3+ ions doped at the two possible Al sites in the other two polymorphs of the aluminosilicate group (Al2O3 · SiO2), namely, andalusite and sillimanite. The superposition model and the crystal field analysis package recently developed for 3d ions doped at arbitrary low symmetry sites in crystals are used to predict energy levels and statevectors within the whole 3d
3 configuration. Then the values of the ground state zerofield splitting for Cr3+ ions at each Al sites in the two crystals are obtained. The splittings of the lower excited states 2
E and 4
T
2 as well as the admixture of 4
T
2 into 2
E have also been predicted. Comparison of our results with the available experimental data enable us to correlate the optical and EPR Spectroscopic properties with the substitutional Cr3+ sites. The conclusion is that in andalusite and sillimanite only the Al sites with nearly-octahedral six-fold coordination seem to be occupied by Cr3+ ions. 相似文献
4.
The European Hercynides are considered the collisional result of Baltica and the microcontinents of Southern Europe, after subduction destroyed the intervening Rheic Ocean during the early Paleozoic. Their geotectonic development is assumed to consist of four overlapping stages:
- 1. (1) lithospheric thinning, upwelling of hot asthenospheric material, subsidence along listric faults, and basinal and geosynclinal development on the opposing shelves of the Rheic Ocean starting in pre-Devonian time;
- 2. (2) intermittent subduction of the Rheic Ocean interspersed with episodes of fracturing, volcanism, local uplift and subsidence, and basement reactivation as a result of compression with dextral megashear, particularly since the earliest Devonian;
- 3. (3) several phases of folding with a northward vergence, and thrusting and overthrusting along listric surfaces, the true orogenic stage;
- 4. (4) post-orogenic stage of massive granite intrusions and subsequent volcanism in the Permo-Triassic
5.
“醉汉林”一般被当做滑坡存在的一种标志。在陕西宝鸡地区进行地质灾害详细调查的过程中,发现变形边坡也有“醉汉林”分布。对陕西陇县郭家庄变形边坡“醉汉林”的树木倾斜角与边坡的倾角进行了测量,并结合几何学分析,认为树木倾斜角反映了边坡倾角的变化,并得出边坡倾角不断变陡是该地区边坡变形的一种主要方式的结论。研究结果表明,“醉汉林”有着多样而具体的指示意义:“醉汉林”记录了边坡变形的历史,可以作为区分滑坡与变形边坡的标志,“醉汉林”可以指示滑坡及边坡的状态,还可以判断滑坡剪出口是否存在。 相似文献
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9.
Development of an operational rainfall data quality-control scheme based on radar-raingauge co-kriging analysis 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
AbstractAutomatic raingauge data often serve as an important input to hydrological and weather warning operations. They are not only fundamental in quantitative rainfall analysis, but also act as the ground truth in warning operation and forecast validation. Quality control is required before the data can be used quantitatively due to systematic and random errors. Extremely large random errors and unreasonably small or false zero values can hamper effective monitoring of heavy rain. Yet both are difficult to detect in real-time by objective means. In an attempt to address these problems, a rainfall data quality-control scheme based on radar-raingauge co-kriging analysis was developed. The important threshold values required in the data quality control of 60-min raingauge rainfall were determined from a detailed analysis of the distributions of rainfall residuals defined as the arithmetic difference and the logarithm of the ratio between a raingauge measurement and its co-kriging estimate. The scheme has been developed and is in real-time use in Hong Kong, a coastal city of about 1100 km2 area with more than 150 raingauges installed. Geographically, it is located in the subtropics and dominated by heavy convective rainfall in the summer. As a basis of the quality-control scheme, the co-kriging rainfall analysis was shown through a verification exercise to be superior to those obtained by the Barnes analysis and ordinary kriging of raingauge data. The performance of the quality-control algorithm was assessed using selected cases and controlled tests, and was found to be satisfactory, with a high error detection rate for the two targeted types of error. Limitations and operational issues identified during a real-time trial of the quality-control scheme are also discussed.
Citation Yeung, H.Y., Man, C., Chan, S.T., and Seed, A., 2014. Development of an operational rainfall data quality-control scheme based on radar-raingauge co-kriging analysis. Hydrological Sciences Journal, 59 (7), 1285–1299. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02626667.2013.839873 相似文献
10.
Sh. R. Bogoutdinov A. D. Gvishiani S. M. Agayan A. A. Solovyev E. Kin 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2010,46(11):1004-1016
The International Real-time Magnetic Observatory Network (INTERMAGNET) is the world’s biggest international network of ground-based
observatories, providing geomagnetic data almost in real time (within 72 hours of collection) [Kerridge, 2001]. The observation
data are rapidly transferred by the observatories participating in the program to regional Geomagnetic Information Nodes (GINs),
which carry out a global exchange of data and process the results. The observations of the main (core) magnetic field of the
Earth and its study are one of the key problems of geophysics. The INTERMAGNET system is the basis of monitoring the state
of the Earth’s magnetic field; therefore, the information provided by the system is required to be very reliable. Despite
the rigid high-quality standard of the recording devices, they are subject to external effects that affect the quality of
the records. Therefore, an objective and formalized recognition with the subsequent remedy of the anomalies (artifacts) that
occur on the records is an important task. Expanding on the ideas of Agayan [Agayan et al., 2005] and Gvishiani [Gvishiani
et al., 2008a; 2008b], this paper suggests a new algorithm of automatic recognition of anomalies with specified morphology,
capable of identifying both physically- and anthropogenically-derived spikes on the magnetograms. The algorithm is constructed
using fuzzy logic and, as such, is highly adaptive and universal. The developed algorithmic system formalizes the work of
the expert-interpreter in terms of artificial intelligence. This ensures identical processing of large data arrays, almost
unattainable manually. Besides the algorithm, the paper also reports on the application of the developed algorithmic system
for identifying spikes at the INTERMAGNET observatories. The main achievement of the work is the creation of an algorithm
permitting the almost unmanned extraction of spike-free (definitive) magnetograms from preliminary records. This automated
system is developed for the first time with the application of fuzzy logic system for geomagnetic measurements. It is important
to note that the recognition of time disturbances is formalized and identical. The algorithm presented here appreciably increases
the reliability of spike-free INTERMAGNET magnetograms, thus increasing the objectivity of our knowledge of the Earth’s magnetic
field. At the same time, the created system can accomplish identical, formalized, and retrospective analysis of large archives
of digital and digitized magnetograms, accumulated in the system of Worldwide Data Centers. The relevant project has already
been initiated as a collaborative initiative of the Worldwide Data Center at Geophysical Center (Russian Academy of Sciences)
and the NOAA National Geophysical Data Center (Unite States). Thus, by improving and adding objectivity to both new and historical
initial data, the developed algorithmic system may contribute appreciably to improving our understanding of the Earth’s magnetic
field. 相似文献