Sulfate reduction and sulfide deposition in deep-sea sediments from the southwestern Japan Sea     

Toshiyuki Masuzawa  Yasushi Kitano 《Journal of Oceanography》1983,39(5):251-258

Vertical profiles of total sulfur and organic carbon have been measured in two deep-sea piston cores from the southwestern Japan Sea where sulfate reduction is proceeding within the sediments. The content of total sulfur, most of which is present as pyrite, increases gradually with increasing depth, showing several peaks. The amount of diagenetically deposited sulfide-sulfur is estimated using a steady-state model that considers vertical change in the diffusion coefficient. It is suggested that two-thirds to three-fourths of the observed total sulfur content has been deposited diagenetically.  相似文献   

The effects of the reed,Phragmites australis (Trin.), on substratum grain-size distribution in a salt marsh   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Satoshi Takeda  Yasushi Kurihara 《Journal of Oceanography》1988,44(3):103-112

The effects of the reed,Phragmites australis (Trin.), growing in a brackish water lagoon, were studied in relation to the grain-size distribution of the substratum. At the salt marshes near the lagoon, the upper soils from the surface to a depth of 20 cm contained much silt-clay. These fine particles were found to be transferred from the river and fish ponds near the lagoon, and to be deposited when the tidal rhythm changed, that is, when the water current stopped. In addition, the fine particles, which were deposited on the bottom of the lagoon adjacent to the marshes, became resuspended as a result of wind-caused wave action, and then were transported and redeposited in the salt marshes at the flood tide. Since the reeds further reduced the water current caused by the waves and tide, the reeds were thought to promote redeposition of the resuspended matter. In other words, the reeds were considered to protect deposited and redeposited particles such as silt and clay from resuspension as a result of wave action by reducing the effects of waves and wind. These processes suggested that silt-clay will become abundant in the substratum of the salt marsh adjacent to the lagoon.  相似文献   

Degradation of lubricating oils by marine bacteria observed by quantitative mass spectrometry     

Yasushi Kawakami  Hajime Nishimura 《Journal of Oceanography》1981,37(1):1-7

Bacterial degradation of the hydrocarbons of lubricating oils was investigated by mass spectrometric analysis which gives both total amount and the composition of hydrocarbon types of residual oil. An unused lubricating oil, which mainly consisted of hydrocarbon types with only a small percentage ofn-alkanes, was degraded by marineBacillus sp. andPseudomonas sp. with 55 % and 25 % decreases in 10 days, respectively. Susceptibility of respective hydrocarbon types to biodegradation was in the following order: alkanes > non-condensed cycloalkanes, mono-aromatics > condensed cycloalkanes. A used lubricating oil of different brand showed a larger decrease than the unused oil. Both species of bacteria degraded large portions of alkane fraction of Arabian light crude oil.  相似文献   

Fluoride contents of saline and interstitial waters in the inlets of the Juneau Glacier Area,Alaska     

Yasushi Kitano  Yukihiro Furukawa 《Journal of Oceanography》1972,28(4):176-179

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Wave-induced porewater pressure in a seabed with inhomogeneous permeability     

Toshikazu Kitano  Hajime Mase 《Ocean Engineering》2001,28(3)

We have developed an analytical treatment for the wave-induced response of a seabed with inhomogeneous permeability, by employing the boundary layer approximation. By assuming an exponential function for vertically distributed permeability, the inhomogeneous consolidation equation was formulated as Bessel's differential equation. Subsequently, we proposed some representative quantities for examining the effects of inhomogeneity of permeability. The main effects of inhomogeneity are that the boundary layer becomes thinner and the phase delay in the direction of depth becomes larger as the inhomogeneity becomes significant. In addition, it was shown that the boundary layer is properly evaluated by using the averaged permeability.  相似文献   

Finite-element Simulation of Seismic Ground Motion with a Voxel Mesh     

Kazuki Koketsu  Hiroyuki Fujiwara  Yasushi Ikegami 《Pure and Applied Geophysics》2004,161(11-12):2183-2198

— Accurate simulation of seismic ground motion for three-dimensionally complex topography and structures is one of the most important goals of strong motion seismology. The finite-element method (FEM) is well suited for this kind of simulation, since traction-free conditions are already included in the formulation, and the Courant condition is less strict than for the finite-difference method (FDM). However, the FEM usually requires both large memory and computation time. These limitations can be overcome by using a mesh consisting of voxels (rectangular prisms) with isotropy built into the explicit formulation of the dynamic matrix equation. Since operators in the voxel FEM are the combinations of ordinary FDM operators and additional terms, the method keeps accuracy of the same order as FDM and the terms relax the Courant condition. The voxel FEM requires a similar amount of memory and only takes 1.2～1.4 times longer computation time. The voxel mesh can be generated considerably faster than the popular tetrahedral mesh. Both ground motions and static displacements due to a point or line source can be calculated using the voxel FEM approach. Comparisons with the reflectivity method and theoretical solutions demonstrate the successful implementation of the method, which is then applied to more complex problems.  相似文献   

Wide-Field Camera for Gravitational Microlensing Survey: MOA-cam2     

Toshifumi Yanagisawa  Yasushi Muraki  Yutaka Matsubara  Fumio Abe  Kimiaki Masuda  Sachiyo Noda  Takahiro Sumi  Yuji Kato  Mitsuaki Fujimoto  Shuji Sato  Ian Bond  Nicholas Rattenbury  Philip Yock  Pam Kilmartin  John Hearnshaw  Micheal Reid  Denis Sullivan  Brian Carter  Richard Dodd  Garry Nankivell  Noiman Rumsey  Morihiro Honda  Maki Sekiguchi  Masanori Yoshizawa  Takashi Nakamura  Humitaka Sato  Seiji Kabe  Makoto Kobayashi  Yoshiyuki Watase  Jun Jugaku  Toshiharu Saito  Barbel Koribalsky 《Experimental Astronomy》2000,10(4):519-535

We have constructed a large, mosaic CCD camera called MOA-cam2 which has 4096 × 6144-pixelsto search for gravitational microlensing events. MOA-cam2 has three4096 × 2048-pixel SITe CCD chips, which have a very high quantum efficiency (nearly 80% in the wave region 500 to 800 nm),and three buttable sides. We have placed the threechips side by side with 100 m dead space. MOA-cam2 has been installed on the 61 cm Boller and Chivens telescope of the MOA collaboration at the Mt. John University Observatory (MJUO) in NewZealand since July 1998. The field coverage is 0.92° × 1.38° per exposure. The technical details of MOA-cam2 and the first images obtained with the Boller and Chivens telescope are presented. MOA-cam2 introduces a second phase of research on gravitational microlensing by the MOA collaboration.  相似文献   

Fast Oxidation Reaction of Nitrite by Dissolved Oxygen in the Freezing Process in the Tropospheric Aqueous Phase     

Norimichi Takenaka  Tohru Daimon  Akihiro Ueda  Keiichi Sato  Masaru Kitano  Hiroshi Bandow  Yasuaki Maeda 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1998,29(2):135-150

Nitrite oxidation in the tropospheric aqueous phase by freezing was evaluated by freezing a field sample. Nitrite oxidation by dissolved oxygen in the freezing process is much faster than by other oxidation processes, such as reactions with ozone, hydrogen peroxide or dissolved oxygen in an aqueous solution at pHs 3 to –6. At pH 4.5 and 25°C, the lifetime of nitrite in the aqueous phase is ca. 1 hr in oxidation by ozone (6×10^-10 mol dm^-3), ca. 10 hr in oxidation by H₂O₂ (2×10^-4 mol dm^-3), and 7.5 hr (Fischer and Warneck, 1996) in photodissociation at midday in summer. Under the same conditions at a temperature below 0°C, the lifetime of nitrite in the freezing process is estimated as ca. 2 sec when the droplets are frozen within a second. The reaction by freezing is affected by the presence of salts, such as NaCl or KCl, or orgnaic compounds, such as methanol or acetone. The results of freezing a field rain or fog sample showed that nitrite oxidation proceeds below pH 6, and the conversion ratio of nitrate from nitrite increases with decreasing pH. The oxidation of nitrite by freezing was also observed in freezing fog particles generated by an ultrasonic humidifier. The ratios of the concentrations of ions in the winter sample to those in the summer sample (or those in the fog sample) were almost the same values. However, the concentration of nitrite in the winter sample was lower than that estimated by the ratios of other ions. From the present study, it seems that the freezing process plays an important role in the nitrite sink process in the tropospheric aqueous phase.  相似文献   

Vertical zonation and aggregated distribution of the Manila clam on subtidal sand flats in a coastal brackish lagoon along the Sea of Japan     

Katsumasa Yamada  Yasushi Miyamoto  Chisato Fujii  Keiko Yamaguchi  Masami Hamaguchi 《Marine Ecology》2014,35(3):308-318

The Manila clam, Ruditapes philippinarum, has maintained small‐sized populations in a semi‐enclosed brackish lake along the Sea of Japan, the Honjo area of Lake Nakaumi, although the environment and biota of this area have changed dramatically due to a large‐scale reclamation project. There should be underlying processes that enable the restoration of this species from small‐sized populations, such as the existence of source (i.e. reproductive) populations in other areas and depth zones of the lake. However, there has been no robust, properly designed evaluation of the distribution of the Manila clam in the subtidal sand flats. In order to elucidate the possible mechanisms that allow for the persistence of populations of the Manila clam, we examined the spatiotemporal and vertical variation in distributions of 0‐age clams in the subtidal zone of sand flats. Seasonal effects on population variations showed erratic changes among depth zones without a decreasing trend along the depth gradient. Further, many local populations became extinct even in the shallower zones due to seasonal (summer) hypoxia at deeper zones and hypoxia by the accumulation of key benthic species (Asian mussel and decaying macroalgae) in mats at shallower zones. A few surviving local populations were stable with a spatial‐fragmental (patchy) distribution, associated with fragmented accumulations of Asian mussels and macroalgae. Efforts to maintain stable populations and to restore this species in the subtidal area may depend on these small, restricted, patchy local populations. These findings suggest that high fertility and productivity of the Manila clam as well as patchy distribution of small populations may contribute to the maintenance of the population and the avoidance of extinction (by spatially diffusing the risk of extinction) in harsh environments resulting from the reclamation project.  相似文献   

Properties of host haloes of Lyman-break galaxies and Lyman α emitters from their number densities and angular clustering     

Takashi Hamana  Masami Ouchi  Kazuhiro Shimasaku  Issha Kayo  Yasushi Suto 《Monthly notices of the Royal Astronomical Society》2004,347(3):813-823

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