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1.
Geologic seepage of methane and light (C2-C5) alkanes was measured at the La Brea Tar Pits in Los Angeles. Samples were collected using flux chambers with stainless steel canisters and analyzed using gas chromatography. Average seepage rates from individual seepage sites were 970 ± 330 mg/h of methane, 14.0 ± 5.5 mg/h of ethane, 9.1 ± 3.7 mg/h of propane, 3.7 ± 1.6 mg/h of i-butane, 0.33 ± 0.16 mg/h of n-butane, 260 ± 120 μg/h of i-pentane, and 5.3 ± 1.9 μg/h of n-pentane, while maximum seepage rates exceeded 17 g/h of methane, 270 mg/h of ethane, 190 mg/h of propane, 95 mg/h of i-butane, 10 mg/h of n-butane, 7 mg/h of i-pentane, and 0.1 mg/h of n-pentane. These absolute fluxes have an additional unknown amount of error associated with them due to sampling methodology, and should be taken as the lower limit of emissions. Samples collected revealed generally dry gas, with high methane emissions relative to the light alkanes. Overall emissions from the tar pits were found to come not only from the active geologic seepage, but also from the outgassing of the standing asphalt at the site. Using the gas ratios, which are negligibly affected by errors introduced by sampling methodology, observed in this study, daily emissions of C2 – C5 alkanes from the La Brea area were estimated to be 4.7 ± 1.6 Mg, which represents 2–3 % of total emissions in the entire Los Angeles region.  相似文献   
2.
Alternating chert–clastic sequences juxtaposed with limestone blocks, which are units typical of accretionary complexes, constitute the Buruanga peninsula. New lithostratigraphic units are proposed in this study: the Unidos Formation (Jurassic chert sequence), the Saboncogon Formation (Jurassic siliceous mudstone–terrigenous mudstone and quartz‐rich sandstone), the Gibon Formation (Jurassic(?) bedded pelagic limestone), the Libertad Metamorphics (Jurassic–Cretaceous slate, phyllite, and schist) and the Buruanga Formation (Pliocene–Pleistocene reefal limestone). The first three sedimentary sequences in the Buruanga peninsula show close affinity with the ocean plate stratigraphy of the North Palawan terrane in Busuanga Island: Lower–Middle Jurassic chert sequences overlain by Middle–Upper Jurassic clastics, juxtaposed with pelagic limestone. Moreover, the JR5–JR6 (Callovian to Oxfordian) siliceous mudstone of the Saboncogon Formation in the Buruanga peninsula correlates with the JR5–JR6 siliceous mudstone of the Guinlo Formation in the Middle Busuanga Belt. These findings suggest that the Buruanga peninsula may be part of the North Palawan terrane. The rocks of the Buruanga peninsula completely differ from the Middle Miocene basaltic to andesitic pyroclastic and lava flow deposits with reefal limestone and arkosic sandstone of the Antique Range. Thus, the previously suggested boundary between the Palawan microcontinental block and the Philippine Mobile Belt in the central Philippines, which is the suture zone between the Buruanga peninsula and the Antique Range, is confirmed. This boundary is similarly considered as the collision zone between them.  相似文献   
3.
Abstract Analysis of the 12 samples taken from two horizons (the pre-1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption and the post-1991 Mount Pinatubo eruption layers) of the six deep water cores that were collected along the Eastern South China Sea shows that the absolute abundance of Recent benthic foraminifera (total assemblage) in the post-eruption layer is much lower compared to the pre-eruption layer. The post-eruption layer also shows lower diversity with relative high abundance of Quinqueloculina spp., which probably form part of the recolonization fauna. These observations suggest that environmental stability plays a vital role in the distribution of foraminifera in the eastern margin of the South China Sea. The disturbance created by the immense amount of pyroclastic materials that originated from the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo has resulted in the dilution and, eventually, the decimation of most of the benthic foraminifera. The species that were able to survive might have taken advantage of the small amounts of available nutrient supply. These might also be the species that were able to adapt quickly to the changes in the environmental conditions.  相似文献   
4.
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5.
In absence of other mechanisms, the main input of CO2into the Venusian atmosphere is via volcanic out gassing. Since Venus can be regarded as a planet-wide large igneous province, we can expect large quantities of CO2 being transferred into its atmosphere via volcanic out gassing. We have quantified the maximum possible amount of CO2 that can be out gassed via a single massive episode of resurfacing of the planet. This figure (5.6 × 1019 kg of CO2) is about 8 times smaller than the total CO2 present in the Venusian atmosphere (4.55 × 1020 kg CO2). The lack of planet-wide, efficient mechanisms for the recycling of CO2 on Venus indicates that CO2 has progressively accumulated in the atmosphere. Based on these considerations we suggest that the “equivalent” to eight global resurfacing episodes would be required to account for the present values of CO2 atmosphere. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   
6.
New radiolarian ages show that the island arc-related Acoje block of the Zambales Ophiolite Complex is possibly of Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous age.Radiometric dating of its plutonic and volcanichypabyssal rocks yielded middle Eocene ages.On the other hand,the paleontological dating of the sedimentary carapace of the transitional mid-ocean ridge-island arc affiliated Coto block of the ophiolite complex,together with isotopic age datings of its dikes and mafic cumulate rocks,also yielded Eocene ages.This offers the possibility that the Zambales Ophiolite Complex could have:(1)evolved from a Mesozoic arc(Acoje block)that split to form a Cenozoic back-arc basin(Coto block),(2)through faulting,structurally juxtaposed a Mesozoic oceanic crust with a younger Cenozoic lithospheric fragment or(3)through the interplay of slab rollback,slab break-off and,at a later time,collision with a microcontinent fragment,caused the formation of an island arc-related ophiolite block(Acoje)that migrated trench-ward resulting into the generation of a back-arc basin(Coto block)with a limited subduction signature.This Meso-Cenozoic ophiolite complex is compared with the other oceanic lithosphere fragments along the western seaboard of the Philippines in the context of their evolution in terms of their recognized environments of generation.  相似文献   
7.
Northwestern Ilocos Norte in Luzon, Philippines, exposes cherts, peridotite and a variety of metamorphic rocks including chlorite schist, quartzo‐feldspathic schist, muscovite schist and actinolite schist. These rocks are incorporated within a tectonic mélange, the Dos Hermanos Mélange, which is thrust onto the turbidite succession of the Eocene Bangui Formation and capped by the Upper Miocene Pasuquin Limestone. The radiolarian assemblages constrain the stratigraphic range of the cherts to the uppermost Jurassic to Lower Cretaceous. Stratigraphically important species include Eucyrtidiellum pyramis (Aita), Hiscocapsa acuta (Hull), Protunuma japonicus (Matsuoka & Yao), Archeodictyomitra montisserei (Squinabol), Hiscocapsa asseni (Tan), Cryptamphorella conara (Foreman) and Pseudodictyomitra carpatica (Lozyniak). The radiolarian biostratigraphic data provide evidence for the existence of a Mesozoic basinal source from which the cherts and associated rocks were derived. Crucial to determining the origin of these rocks is their distribution and resemblance with known mélange outcrops in Central Philippines. The mélange in the northwestern Ilocos region bears similarities in terms of age and composition with those noted in the western part of the Central Philippines, particularly in the islands of Romblon, Mindoro and Panay. The existence of tectonic mélanges in the Central Philippines has been attributed to the Early to Middle Miocene arc–continent collision. This event involved the Philippine Mobile Belt and the Palawan Microcontinental Block, a terrane that drifted from the southeastern margin of mainland Asia following the opening of the South China Sea. Such arc–continent collision event could also well explain the existence of a tectonic mélange in northwestern Luzon.  相似文献   
8.
The collision of the Palawan microcontinental block with the Philippine mobile belt had significantly influenced the geological evolution of the Philippines. Multiple collisions involving several fragments, through space and time, resulted into the collage of terranes of varying origin exposed in this part of central Philippines. Cusping of the overriding plate, volcanic arc gap, ophiolite emplacement, incipient back-arc rifting, island rotation and tilting, raised coastal terraces, metamorphism, intrusion of igneous rocks and steepened subducted slab as seen in focal mechanism solutions are some of the manifestations of this collision. A late Early Miocene to early Middle Miocene age (20–16 Ma) is proposed for the major collision between the Palawan indenter and the Philippine mobile belt. The collision boundary is located from the northern part of Mindoro through the central mountain range swinging east of Sibuyan Island in the Romblon Island Group and finally threading along the Buruanga Peninsula and eastern side of the Antique Ophiolite Complex before exiting and connecting with the Negros Trench. The collision, through accretion and crustal thickening, has contributed to the crustal growth of the Philippine archipelago.  相似文献   
9.
Coronae may not be tectonovolcanic features ‘unique to Venus’ because both the processes that lead to corona formation, and their final tectonovolcanic output (formation of domes, plateaus, extensional rings, etc.), are also found on Earth. Large-scale corona formation processes on Earth may be restricted (because of plate motion) but not absent. The same applies to resurfacing processes. We here suggest that at least, the early stages of corona formation can be recognized in intraplate tectonic settings on Earth. The African plate displays many Cenozoic examples of plume-related domal uplifts and volcanism (e.g., Hoggar, Tibesti, Darfur, Ethiopia). Furthermore, the east African rift system (EARS) around lake Victoria displays many striking features that resemble those of the Venus coronae associated with extensional belts. Among these are the following: (1) an overall elliptical shape; (2) the existence of a mantle plume (Kenya plume) centered beneath lake Victoria; (3) a central plateau (east African plateau); (4) an external extensional belt (the EARS east and west branches); (5) doming processes (Kenya dome); and last but not least (6) volcanism. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.  相似文献   
10.
Lead isotopic studies of airborne particulate matter, gasoline and other environmental samples have been carried out to determine possible sources of lead pollution in the Metropolitan Zone of the Valley of Mexico. 206Pb/207Pb ratio in gasoline was 1.1395 ± 0.0165 and 1.071 ± 0.008 for industrially-derived lead as a mean. Natural lead is more radiogenic with values from 1.2082 ± 0.022 to 1.211 ± 0.108. The measured Pb isotopic signature of airborne particulate matter reflects the relative importance of each of these sources. The 206Pb/207Pb ratio was 1.179 ± 0.105 as a mean. The relative importance of gasoline has decreased, and, therefore, other sources (natural and industrial) can be identified by means of isotopic studies. This is a consequence of the introduction of unleaded gasoline as mandaped by strictest environmental regulation.  相似文献   
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