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1.
Keiji Kusaba Masae Kikuchi Kiyoto Fukuoka Yasuhiko Syono 《Physics and Chemistry of Minerals》1988,15(3):238-245
Shock recovery experiments for single crystal and powdered specimens of TiO2 with the rutile structure were performed in the pressure range up to 72 GPa. Single crystal specimens were shocked parallel to [100], [110] and [001] directions. X-ray powder diffraction analysis showed that the amount of -PbO2 type TiO2 produced by shock-loading depended strongly on the shock propagation direction. The maximum yield (about 70%) was observed for shock loading to 36 GPa parallel to the [100] direction. In the [001] shock direction, the yield is much smaller than that of the [100] direction. This anisotropic yield was consistent with the observed anisotropy of the phase transition pressure in shock compression measurements. However, transformation to the -PbO2 type cannot explain the large volume change observed above about 20 GPa. On the basis of the high pressure behavior of MnF2, we assumed that the high pressure phase was either fluorite or distorted fluorite type and that the phase conversion to the -PbO2 type was induced spontaneously in the pressure reduction process.We present a displacive mechanism of phase transition under shock compression from the rutile structure to the fluorite structure, in which the rutile [100] is shown to correspond to the fluorite [001] or [110] and the rutile [001] to the fluorite [110]. Direct evidence is obtained by examining the [100] shocked specimen by high resolution electron microscopy. 相似文献
2.
Kenji Kashiwaya Hideo Sakai Masayuki Ryugo Masae Horii Takayoshi Kawai 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2001,25(3):271-278
Analysis of physical properties in long sediment cores (BDP96) from Academician Ridge in Lake Baikal indicates that major climato-limnological changes during the past 3.5 Myr occurred at about 2.5–2.8, 1.7–1.9, and 0.9–1.2 Ma, which were close to times of major geomagnetic polarity reversals (Matuyama/Gauss, Olduvai, Jaramillo + Matuyama/Brunhes). The principal climato-limnological oscillation has a long-term period of nearly 1,000 kyr, which corresponds to the periodicity of fluctuation in solar insolation. It also seems to be related to geomagnetic field intensity. Other long-term period of 400 kyr corresponds to Milankovitch parameters of eccentricity. These results suggest that changes in solar insolation were closely related to long-term environmental variations in the deep continental interior. 相似文献
3.
Kenji Kashiwaya Masayuki Ryugo Masae Horii Hideo Sakai Toshio Nakamura Takayoshi Kawai 《Journal of Paleolimnology》1999,21(2):143-150
The St.16 core obtained from the Academician Ridge of Lake Baikal in eastern Siberia may span about 260 000 years, and some physical properties of the core samples are closely related to aquatic paleoproductivity and climatic change. The median of grain size, grain density, and water content fluctuate synchronously. They also are connected with change in the abundance of biogenic silica (diatoms). The physical parameters indicate that there were high aquatic productivity periods around interglacial periods (MIS 5 and 7; 70 000-125 000 yr B.P. and 180 000-250 000 yr B.P.). Comparatively large clastics were transported from outside of the lake through various routes (ice rafting, etc.) in addition to fluvial routes during the glacials or 'stadials. There are ca. 20 000 yr, 40 000 yr and 100 000 yr periods in the variations of physical properties. These are related to the three Milankovitch parameters of solar insolation. 相似文献
4.
Morita T Ohtsuka Y Fujimoto K Minamisako Y Iida R Nakamura M Kayama T 《Marine pollution bulletin》2010,60(12):2311-2322
The anthropogenic radionuclides, 137Cs, 90Sr, 108mAg, 239+240Pu, were measured in two Chionoecetes species, red queen crab (Chionoecetes japonicus) and snow crab (Chionoecetes opilio) collected around Japan during 1996–2007. There was no increase in the concentrations of these radionuclides and no large variation of the atom ratio of 240Pu/239Pu during this research period. These results indicated that the source of the radionuclides was not the radioactive wastes dumped by the former USSR and Russia and originated from past nuclear weapon tests. The higher atom ratio in the crab species than that from global fallout would be contributed by the Pacific Proving Grounds close-in fallout. The variability of the concentration of radionuclides in the crab species would result from the variability of the composition and quantity in the diet. However, the decrease in the concentration of radionuclides with sampling depth would depend on the concentration in the seawater and diet. 相似文献
5.
基于幂函数法则对放牧梯度上种群空间异质性的定量分析 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
在呼伦贝尔草原的克氏针茅群落选择轻牧、中牧、重牧3个不同的放牧梯度,沿着50 m样线设置100个50 cm×50 cm的L型样方,每个L型样方内划分4个25 cm×25 cm的S型样方,以物种出现的频度（p）作为植被空间分布的观测指标,采用幂函数法则对放牧梯度上草原植物群落物种的空间异质性进行了定量研究。结果表明,在不同放牧强度下,种类结构发生明显改变,轻度放牧区羊草和星状刺骨藜、中度放牧区藜和糙隐子草、重度放牧区猪毛菜和多根葱具有高的出现频度,群落物种数随着放牧压力的增大而减小。整体来看,放牧梯度上物种的空间分布呈现明显的聚集分布,物种空间异质性（δi）随着放牧强度的增大而增加,拟合于幂函数规律曲线;群落的空间异质性（δc）随着轻牧-中牧-重牧放牧演替的进展呈现降低趋势,种群个体分布呈现片断化特征。在群落内部各个种群具有不同的异质化分布特点,物种结构主要表现出密集型种群和疏散型种群两大类型。这些趋势与种群的繁殖策略、生活史对策、群落的再生产策略等生理与生态特性密切相关。 相似文献
6.
利用高精度潮汐重力场观测研究地球物理学和地球动力学问题已成为当今地学工作者的共识.由于某些信号十分微弱且具有区域和全球分布特征,相当一部分信号被混合在常规仪器的观测噪声水平上,因此获得全球分布的第一手高精度观测资料显得尤为重要.超导重力仪具有精度高,连续性和稳定性好等特征,期望能在测定区域和全球重力场的精细结构方面发挥重要作用.有18个台站参加的全球地球动力学合作项目于1997年7月份开始实施,其主要目的是解决诸如固体潮、地核近周日晃动、核模、地球自转和极移,地球和大气海洋的耦合机理以及由构造运动引起的重力场变化等热点问题.我们曾研究过中比法三国的超导重力仪潮汐观测资料,获得了欧洲和亚洲不同地区潮汐常数及分布特征.本文将利用武汉和日本京都三台超导重力仪观测资料研究亚洲地区大陆和海岛上的潮汐波振幅因子和相位滞后的时间变化特征以及各参数的误差估计等,同时将检测由大气和海潮变化产生的重力信号.文章分数据处理方法、潮汐参数测定、大气重力信号、海潮重力信号、潮汐参数的时间变化、非潮汐重力场变化特征等几方面叙述. 相似文献
7.
A. N. KROT A. MEIBOM M. I. PETAEV K. KEIL M. E. ZOLENSKY A. SAITO M. MUKAI K. OHSUMI 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2000,35(6):1249-1258
Abstract— The CH carbonaceous chondrites contain a population of ferrous (Fe/(Fe + Mg) ? 0.1‐0.4) silicate spherules (chondrules), about 15–30 μm in apparent diameter, composed of cryptocrystalline olivinepyroxene normative material, ±SiO2‐rich glass, and rounded‐to‐euhedral Fe, Ni metal grains. The silicate portions of the spherules are highly depleted in refractory lithophile elements (CaO, Al2O3, and TiO2 <0.04 wt%) and enriched in FeO, MnO, Cr2O3, and Na2O relative to the dominant, volatile‐poor, magnesian chondrules from CH chondrites. The Fe/(Fe + Mg) ratio in the silicate portions of the spherules is positively correlated with Fe concentration in metal grains, which suggests that this correlation is not due to oxidation, reduction, or both of iron (FeOsil ? Femet) during melting of metal‐silicate solid precursors. Rather, we suggest that this is a condensation signature of the precursors formed under oxidizing conditions. Each metal grain is compositionally uniform, but there are significant intergrain compositional variations: about 8–18 wt% Ni, <0.09 wt% Cr, and a sub‐solar Co/Ni ratio. The precursor materials of these spherules were thus characterized by extreme elemental fractionations, which have not been observed in chondritic materials before. Particularly striking is the fractionation of Ni and Co in the rounded‐to‐euhedral metal grains, which has resulted in a Co/Ni ratio significantly below solar. The liquidus temperatures of the euhedral Fe, Ni metal grains are lower than those of the coexisting ferrous silicates, and we infer that the former crystallized in supercooled silicate melts. The metal grains are compositionally metastable; they are not decomposed into taenite and kamacite, which suggests fast postcrystallization cooling at temperatures below 970 K and lack of subsequent prolonged thermal metamorphism at temperatures above 400–500 K. 相似文献
8.
放牧干扰对草原的植物物种组成以及群落结构的影响过程是群落生态学的重要内容.在内蒙古呼伦贝尔草原轻牧、中牧、重牧3个样地上,设置100个0.25 m2的小样方,通过调查种类组成,比较小尺度区分面积上的物种多样性及物种数目的空间分异性;采用Bray - Curtis相似性指数法研究了不同放牧梯度上物种组成结构异质性的变化趋势.结果表明:样地群落物种数表现为轻牧＞中牧＞重牧,而小尺度样方内物种数与物种多样性均呈现中牧＞轻牧＞重牧趋势;在轻牧条件下,整体来看,小样方内物种数目的分布围绕平均值具有较小波动;在重度放牧区,不存在维持多个物种数的样方;而在中度放牧区,物种数的空间分布呈现“凹型”格局,相比于轻牧、重牧阶段,物种数在样方中的平均分布程度降低,即物种数目很多或很少的样方大量存在.从物种结构的空间异质性来看,轻牧区样方之间种类组成的相似性不明显,群落物种形成均匀分布;中度和重度放牧区,具有随机分布的群落物种结构.牧压影响小尺度区间面积上的物种数、种类构成及其空间异质性,物种数目的频度分布及种类成分相似性的蒙特卡罗模似统计运算,能够较好地拟合不同放牧梯度上物种分布的空间格局,反映群落演替动态. 相似文献
9.
Toru YADA Akio FUJIMURA Masanao ABE Tomoki NAKAMURA Takaaki NOGUCHI Ryuji OKAZAKI Keisuke NAGAO Yukihiro ISHIBASHI Kei SHIRAI Michael E. ZOLENSKY Scott SANDFORD Tatsuaki OKADA Masayuki UESUGI Yuzuru KAROUJI Maho OGAWA Shogo YAKAME Munetaka UENO Toshifumi MUKAI Makoto YOSHIKAWA Junichiro KAWAGUCHI 《Meteoritics & planetary science》2014,49(2):135-153
Abstract– The Planetary Material Sample Curation Facility of JAXA (PMSCF/JAXA) was established in Sagamihara, Kanagawa, Japan, to curate planetary material samples returned from space in conditions of minimum terrestrial contaminants. The performances for the curation of Hayabusa‐returned samples had been checked with a series of comprehensive tests and rehearsals. After the Hayabusa spacecraft had accomplished a round‐trip flight to asteroid 25143 Itokawa and returned its reentry capsule to the Earth in June 2010, the reentry capsule was brought back to the PMSCF/JAXA and was put to a series of processes to extract recovered samples from Itokawa. The particles recovered from the sample catcher were analyzed by electron microscope, given their ID, grouped into four categories, and preserved in dimples on quartz slide glasses. Some fraction of them has been distributed for initial analyses at NASA, and will be distributed for international announcement of opportunity (AO), but a certain fraction of them will be preserved in vacuum for future analyses. 相似文献
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