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David W. Schwartzman 《Icarus》1977,32(4):473-475
The absence of extraterrestrials on Earth in spite of the probable existence of a “Galactie Club” is a result of our nearly unique position on the verge of becoming a memeber. This supports the view that we are under surveillance by extraterrestrial intelligence, and reduces the likelihood of contact by radiotelescopes. 相似文献
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David W Schwartzman 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》1973,37(11):2479-2495
The degassing of radiogenic Ar40 is defined as coherent if only the Ar40 associated with parent K is degassed as K is transferred from the mantle to crust. Coherency predicts, for a 4.55 b.y. Earth, a sialic crust with 2.50 per cent K, using only the Ar content of the atmosphere and present crust (from a Hurley and Rand, 1969, age distribution). This is a maximum limit to K content of the sialic crust if the age of the Earth is no younger than 4.55 b.y. A K content of the sialic crust of 1.9 per cent (Holland and Lambert, 1972) implies an efficiency (E) less than 100 per cent for K transfer from oceanic basalt to sialic crust in subduction zones and/or some non-coherent (preferential) degassing of Ar from the mantle.K, Ar coherence for mantle differentiation to crust is supported however, by the agreement of the predicted oceanic He flux and radiogenic He-Ar ratios of volcanic gases with the observed limits if the best estimate of K, U, Th influx rates at oceanic ridges is used.Assuming K, Ar coherence, various sea-floor spreading rates as functions of time, and limiting K contents of the sialic crust, computed models give E and the portion of the sialic crust derived from melting oceanic basalt in subduction zones. Except for models with very high spreading rates in the Precambrian, they also predict that a significant part of the sialic crust was derived from vertical differentiation of the mantle, presumably early in Earth history. The results are in accord with Armstrong's model of an early sialic crust that is recycled to give a Hurley-type age pattern with the proviso that the ‘vertical’ sial Kυis formed early in Earth history for models with a high Kυcomponent.The coherent K, Ar models with preferred estimates of input parameters are also consistent with a limited mixing model (only old and new sial are equilibrated) for Sr isotopic evolution and the probable average ratio now of the sialic crust. 相似文献
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MacDermott AJ Barron LD Brack A Buhse T Drake AF Emery R Gottarelli G Greenberg JM Haberle R Hegstrom RA Hobbs K Kondepudi DK McKay C Moorbath S Raulin F Sandford M Schwartzman DW Thiemann WH Tranter GE Zarnecki JC 《Planetary and Space Science》1996,44(11):1441-1446
A characteristic hallmark of life is its homochirality: all biomolecules are usually of one hand, e.g. on Earth life uses only L-amino acids for protein synthesis and not their D mirror images. It is therefore suggested that a search for extra-terrestrial life can be approached as a Search for Extra-Terrestrial Homochirality (SETH). A novel miniaturized space polarimeter, called the SETH Cigar, is described which could he used to detect optical rotation as the homochiral signature of life on other planets. Moving parts are avoided by replacing the normal rotating polarizer by multiple fixed polarizers at different angles as in the eye of the bee. It is believed that homochirality will be found in the subsurface layers on Mars as a relic of extinct life. 相似文献
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Assuming steady state of carbon dioxide levels in a “pressure-cooker” atmosphere/ocean system (10–20 bars, near 100°C) produced by a land weathering sink and volcanic source (BLAG model), an abiotic Earth model for 3.8 Ga requires present biotic enhancements of weathering to be on the order of 100 or greater, consistent with the limit inferred from experimental and field studies. Using a plausible ratio of the present biotic enhancement (from higher plants) to enhancements produced by microbial activity alone, along with models for continental growth and outgassing rates consistent with geologic evidence, we find that computed surface temperatures hover near 20°C over geologic time, slowly decreasing to present, after a rapid initial decline as a result of microbial colonization of land. Results are consistent with the first possibility for glaciation in the late Archean/early Proterozoic. Useful modeling of climatic evolution, taking into account biotic enhancement of weathering, can now apparently be extended into the Precambrian, assuming operation of the carbonate-silicate buffer. 相似文献
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Brown trout (Salmo trutta) are known to have effects on multiple trophic levels in New Zealand streams, but their impacts on lower trophic levels are less well understood within lentic systems. We examined the effects of brown trout removal using rotenone on zooplankton and phytoplankton community composition in the Upper Karori Reservoir, New Zealand. Significant shifts were observed in zooplankton and phytoplankton composition following removal of brown trout from the reservoir. Shifts in zooplankton community composition did not occur immediately following trout removal (February), but instead followed the likely timing of galaxiid spawning (July). The removal of brown trout likely resulted in reduced predation pressure on galaxiids. A major change occurred in the zooplankton community with the dominance shifting from larger crustaceans to smaller rotifers, indicating an increased predation pressure from the larval native galaxiid. A delayed response in zooplankton community composition change indicates rotenone was not the direct cause of this. A major shift in phytoplankton community composition occurred immediately following trout removal. This was not consistent with the trophic cascade hypothesis of reduced grazing pressure from larger zooplankton due to increased galaxiid predation as a result of brown trout removal. 相似文献
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This study investigated how an industrial tuna fishery functions in terms of procedures, practices, governance and finance in the context of Ghana, West Africa. Tuna is Ghana’s biggest seafood export, contributing significantly to the domestic fisheries sector. A case-study approach was used to analyse relevant social and economic factors at the local scale to better understand how the global seafood industry operates in a low-income country. A value-chain framework was adopted to assess market structures, sales pathways and revenue distribution. We also investigated the role of actors engaged in the industry using secondary data, interviews, questionnaires and participant observations. The results revealed a changing organisational structure in tuna production, moving from bait-boat fishing with smaller companies to large-scale purse-seine fishing backed by consolidated Asian seafood companies. Production was found to depend significantly on local female intermediaries for access to funds through prefinancing arrangements. Considerable illegalities were identified within the value chain, highlighting the need for improved partnership and licensing negotiations, and for low-cost marine control and surveillance tools. As vertical integration increases within the industry, the influence of corporations as keystone actors becomes evident for the future social and ecological sustainability of the industry. 相似文献
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岩浆侵入体对有机质生烃(成熟)作用的影响及数值模拟 总被引：3，自引：1，他引：2
火山作用带来的热源对有机质的成烃进程和成烃量产生了重要影响,这种热效应一方面可以加速烃源岩的成熟和成烃作用,另一方面可以破坏先期形成的油藏。目前国内外对火山作用的生烃热效应方面的研究主要在热成熟度参数变化描述及岩浆侵入体引起的围岩热蚀变程度的讨论。火山作用对成烃/成藏的利弊,影响的时/空范围、程度的定量研究尚未报道。本次在前人研究基础上,建立了描述岩浆侵入体散热的热传导模型,进一步结合EasyRo%模型和前人报道的实测Ro数据进行了模型检验。通过调整模型的参数和岩浆侵入体厚度、位置及个数等进行了火山作用对有机质成熟作用及生烃影响的研究。模拟结果表明:岩浆侵入体的热作用范围是有限的,但是不同地质情况,影响的范围广度也不相同,对于相同厚度的侵入体,初始温度越高,作用范围越广,但是一般X/D3(X/D代表离接触面的距离与侵入体厚度的比值)。对于不同厚度侵入体而言,在侵入体热作用影响的范围内,侵入体越厚,热作用的范围越广。同时数值模拟结果也表明岩浆侵入体的存在可以改变烃源岩生烃期。 相似文献
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Diffusion of argon from two bronzite pyroxenes from the Ultramafic Zone of the Stillwater complex, Montana, has been measured by both a stepwise heating Ar release process and long term isothermal heating. Both pyroxenes contained excess Ar40. This amounted to at least 88% of the total radiogenic Ar40 in the minerals. The Ar release occurred by at least two mechanisms, and possibly a third. One of the most important, quantitatively, occurs between 600° and 1000° C and has an activation energy in excess of 72 kcal/gm-atom Ar. A second occurs above 1000° C. A small, but possibly significant, loss occurs rapidly below 600° C. Both of the major Ar release processes yield some excess Ar, and there is no single temperature range or mechanism which can be assigned unambiguously to the in-situ produced radiogenic Ar. Consequently, no K-Ar age can be obtained which gives the true age unambiguously.Ar36 tracer was used to conduct absorption experiments using the same bronzites. Runs were made at 800° and 1000° C at Ar pressures equal to total pressure of 1 atm. The absorption was found to be the same at the two temperatures and was 6 × 10–5 sccAr/Atmos.-gm px.It is suggested that the excess Ar in the bronzites was introduced at the time of their crystallization. The ambient Ar partial pressure in the melt at that time would have been 0.1 atm. Estimates of the Ar in the melt yield values of (3 to 80) × 10–6 sccAr/gm melt. 相似文献
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Tropical Deforestation and the Kyoto Protocol 总被引：11，自引：3，他引：8
Márcio?SantilliEmail author Paulo?Moutinho Stephan?Schwartzman Daniel?Nepstad Lisa?Curran Carlos?Nobre 《Climatic change》2005,71(3):267-276
The current annual rates of tropical deforestation from Brazil and Indonesia alone would equal four-fifths of the emissions reductions gained by implementing the Kyoto Protocol in its first commitment period, jeopardizing the goal of Protocol to avoid “dangerous anthropogenic interference” with the climate system. We propose the novel concept of “compensated reduction”, whereby countries that elect to reduce national level deforestation to below a previously determined historical level would receive post facto compensation, and commit to stabilize or further reduce deforestation in the future. Such a program could create large-scale incentives to reduce tropical deforestation, as well as for broader developing country participation in the Kyoto Protocol, and leverage support for the continuity of the Protocol beyond the 2008–2012 first commitment period. 相似文献
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