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1.
In many areas of engineering practice, applied loads are not uniformly distributed but often concentrated towards the centre of a foundation. Thus, loads are more realistically depicted as distributed as linearly varying or as parabola of revolution. Solutions for stresses in a transversely isotropic half‐space caused by concave and convex parabolic loads that act on a rectangle have not been derived. This work proposes analytical solutions for stresses in a transversely isotropic half‐space, induced by three‐dimensional, buried, linearly varying/uniform/parabolic rectangular loads. Load types include an upwardly and a downwardly linearly varying load, a uniform load, a concave and a convex parabolic load, all distributed over a rectangular area. These solutions are obtained by integrating the point load solutions in a Cartesian co‐ordinate system for a transversely isotropic half‐space. The buried depth, the dimensions of the loaded area, the type and degree of material anisotropy and the loading type for transversely isotropic half‐spaces influence the proposed solutions. An illustrative example is presented to elucidate the effect of the dimensions of the loaded area, the type and degree of rock anisotropy, and the type of loading on the vertical stress in the isotropic/transversely isotropic rocks subjected to a linearly varying/uniform/parabolic rectangular load. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
2.
Kyu Han Kim Keisuke Nagao Hirochika Sumino Tsuyoshi Tanaka Takamasa Hayashi Toshio Nakamura Jong Ik Lee 《Chemical Geology》2008,253(3-4):180-195
We report analyses of noble gases and Nd–Sr isotopes in mineral separates and whole rocks of late Pleistocene (< 0.2 Ma) monzonites from Ulleungdo, South Korea, a volcanic island within the back arc basin of the Japan island arc. A Rb–Sr mineral isochron age for the monzonites is 0.12 ± 0.01 Ma. K–Ar biotite ages from the same samples gave relatively concordant ages of 0.19 ± 0.01and 0.22 ± 0.01 Ma. 40Ar/39Ar yields a similar age of 0.29 ± 0.09 Ma. Geochemical characteristics of the felsic plutonic rocks, which are silica oversaturated alkali felsic rocks (av., 12.5 wt% in K2O + Na2O), are similar to those of 30 alkali volcanics from Ulleungdo in terms of concentrations of major, trace and REE elements. The initial Nd–Sr isotopic ratios of the monzonites (87Sr/86Sr = 0.70454–0.71264, 143Nd/144Nd = 0.512528–0.512577) are comparable with those of the alkali volcanics (87Sr/86Sr = 0.70466–0.70892, 143Nd/144Nd = 0.512521–0.512615) erupted in Stage 3 of Ulleungdo volcanism (0.24–0.47 Ma). The high initial 87Sr/86Sr values of the monzonites imply that seawater and crustally contaminated pre-existing trachytes may have been melted or assimilated during differentiation of the alkali basaltic magma.A mantle helium component (3He/4He ratio of up to 6.5 RA) associated with excess argon was found in the monzonites. Feldspar and biotite have preferentially lost helium during slow cooling at depth and/or during their transportation to the surface in a hot host magma. The source magma noble gas isotopic features are well preserved in fluid inclusions in hornblende, and indicate that the magma may be directly derived from subcontinental lithospheric mantle metasomatized by an ancient subduction process, or may have formed as a mixture of MORB-like mantle and crustal components. The radiometric ages, geochemical and Nd–Sr isotopic signatures of the Ulleungdo monzonites as well as the presence of mantle-derived helium and argon, suggests that these felsic plutonic rocks evolved from alkali basaltic magma that formed by partial melting of subcontinental lithospheric mantle beneath the back arc basin located along the active continental margin of the southeastern part of the Eurasian plate. 相似文献
3.
Water management and engineering in the karstic High Atlas of Morocco are difficult tasks under the prevailing geological, hydrogeological, geomorphological, vegetational and climatic conditions. It is important to be able to understand and predict the characteristics and availability of water for future water planning in the region under changing climatic and agricultural conditions. An interdisciplinary analysis of problems and adequate hydrological modelling tools developed by geologists, hydrologists and biologists are necessary. The karst areas of the High Atlas Mountains are characterised by impermeable triassic basalt underlying substantial subsurface reservoirs with high potential discharge rates. The karst groundwater aquifers are extensive but largely unknown in dimension, probably with a hierarchical network of groundwater flow paths. It is estimated that approximately 70% of the surface water is directly lost to groundwater. Steep landslide- and debris flow prone slopes exist next to coarse-grained, highly porous river beds. Infrequent, high intensity rainfall or snowmelt causes a particularly high flood risk to these karst areas. In addition, agriculture and land use changes have degraded the karst areas. The most important driving forces for degradation include permanent overgrazing even during droughts and the use of firewood by a continually growing population. Large scale degradation of vegetation has occurred in the oro-mediterranean (mountainous Mediterranean) zone, between 2600 and 3400 m which coincides with the most important zone for karstic groundwater creation. The combination of high amounts of groundwater flow and rapid surface flow due to sparse vegetation has increased the problems of flood flow. 相似文献
4.
5.
In this paper, we focus on the status and trends of the current Korean fisheries management regime. Specifically, this paper briefly introduces the Korean conventional fisheries management regime (KCFMR) and discusses its problems and limitations. In describing policy evolution, this paper finds reasons why the Korean government has chosen a TAC system, an output control approach, besides input control approaches in force for almost a century. This paper also describes the evolution of the Korean TAC system, which is carrying out a pivotal role in Korean fisheries development, and analyzes problems of the Korean TAC system. Finally, this paper gives a perspective on expanding the Korean TAC system toward Output Control Systems (OCSs) such as Individual Quotas (IQs), Individual Vessel Quotas (IVQs), Individual Transferable Traps (ITTs), Community Quotas (CQs), and Individual Transferable Quotas (ITQs). 相似文献
6.
Hydrometallurgical processing and recovery of molybdenum trioxide from spent catalyst 总被引:5,自引:0,他引:5
Kyung Ho Park B. Ramachandra Reddy D. Mohapatra Chul-Woo Nam 《International Journal of Mineral Processing》2006,80(2-4):261-265
Hydrometallurgical processing of spent hydrodesulphurisation (HDS) catalyst for the recovery of molybdenum using sodium carbonate and hydrogen peroxide mixtures was investigated. The results indicated that the recovery of molybdenum was largely dependent on the concentrations of Na2CO3 and H2O2 in the reaction medium, which controls the acidity of the leach liquor and carry over of impurities such as Al, Ni, P, Si and V. Leaching process was exothermic and leaching efficiency of molybdenum decreased with increasing solid to liquid ratio. Large scale leaching of spent catalyst, under optimum conditions: 20% pulp density, 85 g/L Na2CO3, 10 vol.% H2O2 and 1 h reaction, resulted a leaching efficiency of 84% Mo. The obtained leach liquor contained (g/L): Mo — 22.0, Ni — 0.015 and Al — 0.82, P — 1.1, Si — 0.094 and minor quantities of V — 8 mg/L, As and Co — < 1 mg/L. Recovery of Mo from leach solution as MoO3 of 97.30% purity was achieved by ammonium molybdate precipitation method. 相似文献
7.
Sven O. Franz Lorenz Schwark Cathrin Brüchmann Burkhard Scharf Ralf Klingel Jon D. Van Alstine Namık Çagatay Umut B. Ülgen 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2006,35(4):715-736
A limnogeological reconnaissance study was carried out on Lake Iznik, located in the southeast of the Marmara region of Turkey,
involving a seismic survey and collection of short sediment cores. This lake is located on the middle branch of the North
Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ), a transform plate boundary between the Eurasian and Anatolian Plates. It is, therefore, tectonically
active and offers an opportunity to investigate the interplay of sedimentary and seismo-tectonic processes, as well as climate
change and human impact in the region. Short cores of the three sub-basins, maximum length of 35.5 cm, recovered non-laminated,
blackish clays and silts with varying amounts of biogenic and minerogenic (allochthonous, autochthonous) material, which documented
almost the last 80 years of deposition and environmental history. High sedimentation rates in the deeper core sections are
accompanied by changes in land use (conversion of woodland to farmland) in the northern areas of Lake Iznik, which caused
the deposition of more weathered material (high K/Na ratios) and higher contents of Mn in the lake. A tendency towards eutrophic
conditions within the last 20 years is indicated by high nutrient content (N, TOC, P), decreasing C/N-ratios, and characteristic
diatom and cladoceran associations. Also increased pollution is revealed by higher Pb, Cu, and Zn contents and increased supply
of human and animal faeces (high coprostanol content) during the last two decades. But simultaneous lower sedimentation rates
towards the core tops complicate the reconstruction of recent and past eutrophication and pollution states of Lake Iznik.
This requires an extension of the pilot study and deeper sediment cores, to recover non-anthropogenic influenced sediment
levels. 相似文献
8.
Wave velocities and attenuation of shaley sandstones as a function of pore pressure and partial saturation 总被引:3,自引:0,他引:3
Nam H. Pham † José M. Carcione Hans B. Helle Bjørn Ursin 《Geophysical Prospecting》2002,50(6):615-627
We obtain the wave velocities and quality factors of clay‐bearing sandstones as a function of pore pressure, frequency and partial saturation. The model is based on a Biot‐type three‐phase theory that considers the coexistence of two solids (sand grains and clay particles) and a fluid mixture. Additional attenuation is described with the constant‐Q model and viscodynamic functions to model the high‐frequency behaviour. We apply a uniform gas/fluid mixing law that satisfies the Wood and Voigt averages at low and high frequencies, respectively. Pressure effects are accounted for by using an effective stress law. By fitting a permeability model of the Kozeny– Carman type to core data, the model is able to predict wave velocity and attenuation from seismic to ultrasonic frequencies, including the effects of partial saturation. Testing of the model with laboratory data shows good agreement between predictions and measurements. 相似文献
9.
Neuralizing target superresolution algorithms 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Tatem et al. (2001) have designed a Hopfield network-based algorithm for superresolving discrete targets that are larger than the sample spacing of an image. The algorithm iteratively minimizes a criterion function that contains a sigmoidal activation term. We have altered their algorithm to bring it in line with Hopfield's original network by reducing the pseudotemperature of the sigmoid. We found that smaller values of the pseudotemperature lead to faster convergence to a solution and resulting solutions that are more accurate. 相似文献
10.
Quantum-thermodynamic treatment of intrinsic anharmonicity; Wallace’s theorem revisited 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Wallace (in Thermodynamics of crystals, 1972) developed a theorem, rooted in rigid lattice dynamics, which incorporates intrinsic anharmonic effects in solids. The practical
application of this theorem in mineral physics is computationally involved and this is the main reason for the theorem not
getting the attention it deserves. Because intrinsic anharmonicity is an important issue at the extreme conditions in planetary
mantles, we derived a method which removes the computational obstacles in applying this theorem. We extended the theorem to
incorporate details of the phonon spectrum and tested our algorithm on forsterite (Mg2SiO4). Using a least squares inversion technique applied to all available experimental data, we show that it results in an accurate
representation of thermodynamic properties and sound wave velocities of Mg2SiO4 in its complete pressure–temperature stability range. We also show that the accuracy of our results is not significantly
affected by the use of a different equation of state. 相似文献