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1.
Particulate content of savanna fire emissions 总被引:9,自引:0,他引:9
Hélène Cachier Catherine Liousse Patrick Buat-Menard Annie Gaudichet 《Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry》1995,22(1-2):123-148
As part of the FOS-DECAFE experiment at Lamto (Ivory Coast) in January 1991, various aerosol samples were collected at ground level near prescribed fires or under local background conditions, to characterize the emissions of particulate matter from the burning of savanna vegetation. This paper deals with total aerosol (TPM) and carbon measurements. Detailed trace element and polycyclic hydrocarbon data are discussed in other papers presented in this issue.Near the fire plumes, the aerosols from biomass burning are primarily of a carbonaceous nature (C%70% of the aerosol mass) and consist predominantly of submicron particles (more than 90% in mass.) They are characterized by their organic nature (black to total carbon ratio Cb/Ct in the range 3–20%) and their high potassium content (K/Cb0.6). These aerosols undergo aging during their first minutes in the atmosphere causing slight alterations in their size distribution and chemical composition. However, they remain enriched in potassium (K/Cb=0.21) and pyrene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, such that both of these species may be used as tracers of savanna burning aerosols. We show that during this period of the year, the background atmosphere experiences severe pollution from both terrigenous sources and regional biomass burning (44% of the aerosol). Daynight variations of the background carbon concentrations suggest that fire ignition and spreading occur primarily during the day. Simultaneous TPM and CO2 real-time measurements point to a temporal and spatial heterogeneity of the burning so that the ratio of the above background concentrations (TPM/CO2) varies from 2 to 400 g/kg C. Smoldering processes are intense sources of particles but particulate emissions may also be important during the rapidly spreading heading fires in connection with the generation of heavy brown smoke. We propose emission factor values (EF) for aerosols from the savanna biomass burning aerosols: EF (TPM)=11.4±4.6 and 69±25 g/kg Cdry plant and EF(Ct)=7.4±3.4 and 56±16 g C/kg Cdry plant for flaming and smoldering processes respectively. In these estimates, the range of uncertainty is mostly due to the intra-fire variability. These values are significantly lower than those reported in the literature for the combustion of other types of vegetation. But due to the large amounts of vegetation biomass being burnt in African savannas, the annual flux of particulate carbon into the atmosphere is estimated to be of the order of 8 Tg C, which rivals particulate carbon emissions from anthropogenic activities in temperate regions. 相似文献
2.
Mohamed Chaker Raddadi Annie Arnaud Vanneau Grard Poupeau Elisabeth Carrio-Schaffhauser Hubert Arnaud Alice Rivera 《Comptes Rendus Geoscience》2005,337(16):96
High gamma-radioactivity in carbonates is usually ascribed to uranium of detrital minerals and organic matter, and to thorium and potassium of clays. The present study based on Urgonian marls and marly limestones (France) shows that some of the most radioactive values correspond instead to some ‘pure’ limestones. These peaks are generally associated with a sequence boundary or a maximum flooding surface. Low-level γ-spectrometry and ICP–MS analyses show that although high radioactivities are mostly associated with uranium, there is no obvious correlation between uranium enrichment and lithology. Also, correlation between high radioactivity and argillaceous beds might not be systematic. To cite this article: M.C. Raddadi et al., C. R. Geoscience 337 (2005). 相似文献
3.
4.
Aggregates are produced from sand and gravel deposits or from bedrock sources. Production sites are numerous to minimize transport and are more and more in a competing land use position. Urbanization, while creating a market, also sterilizes deposits and pressures producers to relocate further from populated areas. Regulating and permitting quarries is an issue in regions with growing populations. This regulatory environment may cause exploitation schemes to evolve towards greater recycling, importing, and marine production, for example. These changes may be entirely attributable to increased environmental constraints on producing operations and not on conventional mining constraints such as overburden, ore grade, and costs of operation. 相似文献
5.
Annie Souriau Alfred Piuzzi Micheline Etchegorry Philippe Machetel 《Journal of Geodesy》1984,58(1):53-72
One of the possibilities of the Doppler positioning from satellite is to provide geodetic measurements continuous in time
without the need for reference stations. If measurements of sufficient accuracy can be achieved they may be used to study
local surface displacements in relation to tectonic activity. A Doppler receiver of the MEDOC network is located near Djibouti
in the Ghoubhat-Asal rift region which corresponds to the accreting plate boundary between the Arabian and African plates.
In November 1978, a seismic and volcanic crisis occured in this area. Surface geodetic measurements and levellings performed
in 1973 and 1978–79, just after the crisis, reveal a 60–80 cm sinking of the graben floor and a lateral extension of about
2 meters.
Here we analyse Doppler measurements for the period January 1977 to November 1980. Point positions are computed for 7 to 10
day intervals using a precise ephemeris, and a moving window analysis is applied to the data. An apparent 2 meter uplift preceding
the November 1978 seismic crisis is detected at Djibouti, whereas no similar phenomenon is observed at the two closest stations,
Pretoria and Uccle-Brussels. However, field observations rule out a tectonic origin for this uplift.
In Djibouti, the correlation between the apparent vertical station position and the electron density in the ionospheric F-layer
reveals that a bias may be induced by the third order term of the ionospheric refractive index not previously taken into account,
or more probably by the ray curvature through the ionosphere. This bias is particularly strong for our data set, from a station
located close to the magnetic equator, and related to a period of rapid increase in the solar activity.
Although our analysis fails to detect any tectonic displacement related to the rift seismic activity, it shows that similar
tectonic studies by the Doppler method will be possible once the residual ionospheric errors are removed, for example by use
of higher radio frequencies. 相似文献
6.
7.
The sustainable development concept has generated a large body of literature. It has also divided economists into numerous
schools of thought. The neoclassical, London, and other schools are painted in broad strokes in the first part of this paper.
They debate the extent to which manufactured capital and “natural” capital are believed to be substitutes or complements in
a macroeconomics context. The problem stems from the difficulty to measure “natural” capital. The second part of the paper
looks at sustainable development in mining at the firm level. First, it is argued that the capital value of the mineral reserves
can be maintained by discovering reserves or by saving part of the rent. Second, we show that mine manager actions can be
induced to follow efficiency and equity principles when proper limits or constraints are imposed by the legislator. It is
concluded that a set of indicators need to be defined and calibrated to ensure that the economic, environmental, and social
limits imposed on the mine manager become a framework inside which he competes for the best interest of the firm. 相似文献
8.
Protracted oogenesis and annual reproductive periodicity in the deep‐sea pennatulacean Halipteris finmarchica (Anthozoa,Octocorallia) 下载免费PDF全文
Halipteris finmarchica is one of the most common species of deep‐sea pennatulacean corals in the Northwest Atlantic; it was recently determined to act as a biogenic substrate for other species and as a nursery for fish larvae. Its reproductive cycle was investigated in colonies sampled in 2006 and 2007 along the continental slope of Newfoundland and Labrador (Canada). Halipteris finmarchica exhibits large oocytes (maximum diameter of 1000 μm), which are consistent with lecithotrophic larval development. Female potential fecundity based on mature oocytes just before spawning was ~6 oocytes · polyp?1 (500–6300 oocytes · colony?1); male potential fecundity was 16 spermatocysts · polyp?1 (5500–57,400 spermatocysts · colony?1). Based on statistical analysis of size‐probability frequency distributions, males harboured one cohort of spermatocysts that matured inside 8–11 months, whereas females harboured two distinct cohorts of oocytes; a persistent pool of small ones (≤400 μm) and a small number (~20%) of larger ones that grew from ~400 to >800 μm over a year. Despite this difference in the tempo of oogenesis and spermatogenesis, a synchronic annual spawning was detected. A latitudinal shift in the spawning period occurred from south (April in the Laurentian Channel) to north (May in Grand Banks and July–August in Labrador/Lower Arctic), following the development of the phytoplankton bloom (i.e. sinking of phytodetritus). Prolonged oogenesis with the simultaneous presence of different oocyte classes in a given polyp is likely not uncommon in deep‐sea octocorals and could hamper the detection of annual/seasonal reproduction when sample sizes are low and/or time series discontinued or brief. 相似文献
9.
F. A. Lopes G. Michard M. Poulin A. Roué F. Prévot D. Jézéquel E. Viollier 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2010,16(4):587-610
A reactive transport model was developed to describe seasonal variations of biogeochemical and physical processes in Lake
Aydat. The model includes physical processes such as vertical mixing, sedimentation and advection related to inflows into
the lake and biogeochemical conversion processes in the water column and in the sediment surface layer. The reactions described
in the model include primary redox reactions such as primary production, aerobic and anaerobic respiration, methanogenesis
and secondary reactions established between oxidants and reducers produced by the primary reactions. After adjusting various
kinetic constants, the model reasonably reproduced the main features of seasonal variations of dissolved oxygen and nitrate
depth profiles and pH. The reactive transport model was also used to quantify the relative importance of different biogeochemical
pathways. For instance, ferrous denitrification seems to play an important role when stratification is increasing. 相似文献
10.
Fiona Miller Annie Bolitho Natalie Jamieson Charlotte Catmur Anna Hurlimann Kathryn Bowen 《The Australian geographer》2014,45(1):19-35
Drawing upon theory from the field of urban political ecology, we analyse a major strategic water plan for Melbourne, Australia—the Sustainable water strategy for the Central Region, published in 2006. We assess the extent to which the strategy identified and addressed ecological sustainability in terms of: cultural frames; ecological context; social equity; and engagement processes. We identify that the strategy's framing of water was largely separate from its social and ecological context. This framing resulted in the importance of issues such as environmental flows, social equity and cultural values being diminished, thus avoiding the inevitable confrontation with environmental limits needed to ensure long-term ecological sustainability. Our analysis shows that the discursive dominance of economics limited the response to persuasive scientific arguments for greater ecological consideration in the strategy. Our findings suggest that broadening engagement with the diverse ways in which water is valued is likely to contribute to more equitable and ecologically sustainable water futures. 相似文献