Flooding is one of the most problematic natural events affecting urban areas. In this regard, developing flooding models plays a crucial role in reducing flood-induced losses and assists city managers to determine flooding-prone areas (FPAs). The aim of this study is to investigate on the prediction capability of fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (FAHP) and Mamdani fuzzy inference system (MFIS) methods as two completely and semi-knowledge-based models to identify FPAs in Tehran, Iran. Six flooding conditioning factors including density of channel, distance from channel, land use, elevation, slope, and water discharge were extracted from various geo-spatial datasets. A total of 62 flooding locations were identified in the study area based on the existing reports and field surveys. Of these, 44 (70%) floods were randomly selected as training data and the remaining 18 (30%) cases were used for the validation purposes. After the data preparation step, data were processed by means of two statistical (FAHP) and soft computing (MFIS) methods. Unlike most statistical and soft computing approaches which use flooding inventory data for both training and evaluation of models, only conditioning factor was involved in data processing and inventory data were used in the current study to assess models prediction accuracy. Also, the efficiency of two approaches was evaluated by pixel matching (PM) and area under curve to validate the prediction capability of models. The prediction rate for MFIS and FAHP was 89% and 84%, respectively. Moreover, according to the results obtained from PM, it was found out that about 90% of known flooding locations fell in high-risk areas, whereas it was 83% for FAHP, indicating that flooding susceptibility map of MFIS has higher performance.
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In order to investigate the development of forest soils formed on loess, six representative modern soil pedons were selected along a precipitation gradient extending from eastern Golestan(mean annual precipitation, MAP = 500 mm)to eastern Mazandaran Provinces(MAP = 800 mm).Physiochemical, micromorphological and magnetic properties, as well as clay mineralogy of soils were studied using standard methods. Soils are mainly classified as Alfisols and Mollisols. Downward decalcification and the subsequent clay illuviation were the main criteria of soil development in all study areas. Pedogenic magnetic susceptibility of pedons studied varied systematically across the precipitation gradient in Northern Iran, increasing from 14.66 ×10~(-8) m~3 kg~(-1) at the eastern part to 83.75 × 10~(-8) m~3 kg~(-1) at the western margin of this transect. The frequencydependent magnetic susceptibility showed an increasing trend with rainfall as well. The micromorphological study of soils indicated that there is a positive relationship between climate gradient (increasing rainfall) and the micromorphological index of soil development(MISECA). The area and thickness of clay coatings showed an increasing trend with rainfall. Grain size analysis indicates that pedogenic processes are responsible for changing original grain size distribution of loess in our soils.The correlation achieved among modern soil properties and precipitation could be applied to the buried paleosols in the whole study area to refer degree of paleosol development and to reconstruct the paleoclimate. 相似文献
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Rezaei Mahmoud Amiraslani Farshad Samani Najmeh Neysani Alavipanah Kazem 《Natural Hazards》2020,100(1):363-385
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Climatic Change - Changes in precipitation pattern can lead to widespread impacts across natural and human systems. This study assesses precipitation variability as well as anthropogenic and... 相似文献
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A solution for the transition zone isosats in two-phase primary drainage in the presence of gravity 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Primary drainage in a water-wet saturated medium in the absence of capillarity is typically a combination of shock (discontinuous) and rarefaction (continuous) waves. Using nonlinear relative permeability functions for the host fluid and the invading fluid leads to the existence of a shock wave front, and the degree of nonlinearity of the relative permeability functions has an inverse relationship with the size of the shock wave (i.e., difference of saturation between upstream and downstream of the shock wave), whereas for linear relative permeability functions, the shock wave size approaches 0. Injection of a lower-viscosity immiscible phase such as gas or solvent into a water-wet porous medium in the presence of large capillary pressure leads to development of an extended and growing saturation transition zone that follows the discontinuous shock wave front. In this article, a semianalytical solution for the position of equisaturation contours (isosats) in the transition zone in the presence of gravity is obtained for a set of linearized relative permeability functions. The capillary (diffusive) and buoyancy terms are neglected, and the generalized convective equation for mass conservation is obtained. The set of equations is then reduced to a one-dimensional steady-state differential equation through forcing the isosat formulation to obey mass conservation. This scheme allows the isosat distribution to be solved, and the case of injection into an axisymmetric geometry for a confined planar configuration is solved and presented. A finite element model was developed to demonstrate the reasonable agreement between analytical and numerical solutions. 相似文献
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Mesbahzadeh Tayyebeh Salajeghe Ali Sardoo Farshad Soleimani Zehtabian Gholamreza Ranjbar Abbas Krakauer Nir Y. Miglietta Mario Marcello Mirakbari Maryam 《Natural Hazards》2020,104(2):1801-1817
Natural Hazards - Dust storms are a major natural hazard to human health. Severe erosive storms in parts of the Central Plateau of Iran have made the situation very difficult for the inhabitants,... 相似文献
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Natural Resources Research - In this study, ZnO nanoparticles were modified with rice bran. Synthesis and production of ZnO nano-particles is highly important due to the use of rice bran. In... 相似文献
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Fathian Farshad Ghadami Mohammad Dehghan Zohreh 《Theoretical and Applied Climatology》2022,149(1-2):569-592
Theoretical and Applied Climatology - Due to increasing greenhouse gases, Iran is experiencing changes in patterns and trends of extreme climate events. Future climate extremes are one of the... 相似文献
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Farshad Ahmadi Feridon Radmaneh Mohammad Reza Sharifi Rasoul Mirabbasi 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2018,77(18):643
Accurate estimation of low flow as a criterion for different objectives in water resource management, including drought is of crucial importance. Despite the complex nature of water deficits, univariate methods have often been used to analyze the frequency of low flows. In this study, low flows of Dez River basin were examined during period of 1956–2012 using copula functions at the upstream of headbranches’ junction. For this purpose, at first 7-day series of low flow was extracted at the studied stations, then their homogeneity was examined by Mann–Kendall test. The results indicated that 7-day low flow series of Dez basin were homogenous. In the next stage, 12 different distribution functions were fitted onto the low flow data. Finally, for Sepid Dasht Sezar (SDS), Sepid Dasht Zaz (SDZ), and Tang Panj Bakhtiyari (TPB) stations, logistic distribution had the best fit, while for Tang Panj Sezar (TPS) station, GEV distribution enjoyed the best fit. After specifying the best fitted marginal distributions, seven different copula functions including Ali–Mikhail–Haq (AMH), Frank, Clayton, Galambos, Farlie–Gumbel–Morgenstern (FGM), Gumbel–Hougaard (GH), and Plackett were used for bivariate frequency analysis of the 7-day low flow series. The results revealed that the GH copula had the best fitness on paired data of SDS and SDZ stations. For TPS and TPB stations, Frank copula has had the best correspondence with empirical copula values. Next, joint and conditional return periods were calculated for the low flow series at the upstream of branches’ junction. The results of this study indicated that the risk of incidence of severe drought is higher in upstream stations (SDZ and SDS) when compared with downstream stations (TPB and TPS) in Dez basin. Generally, application of multivariate analysis allows researchers to investigate hydrological events with a more comprehensive view by considering the simultaneous effect of the influencing factors on the phenomenon of interest. It also enables them to evaluate different combinations of required scenarios for integrated management of basin and planning to cope with the damages caused by natural phenomena. 相似文献
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