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Murali Krishna Gumma Prasad S Thenkabail Kumara Charyulu Deevi Irshad A Mohammed Pardhasaradhi Teluguntla Adam Oliphant 《地理信息系统科学与遥感》2018,55(6):926-949
Cropland fallows are the next best-bet for intensification and extensification, leading to increased food production and adding to the nutritional basket. The agronomical suitability of these lands can decide the extent of usage of these lands. Myanmar’s agricultural land (over 13.8 Mha) has the potential to expand by another 50% into additional fallow areas. These areas may be used to grow short-duration pulses, which are economically important and nutritionally rich, and constitute the diets of millions of people as well as provide an important source of livestock feed throughout Asia. Intensifying rice fallows will not only improve the productivity of the land but also increase the income of the smallholder farmers. The enhanced cultivation of pulses will help improve nutritional security in Myanmar and also help conserve natural resources and reduce environmental degradation. The objectives of this study was to use remote sensing methods to identify croplands in Myanmar and cropland fallow areas in two important agro-ecological regions, delta and coastal region and the dry zone. The study used moderate-resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) 250-m, 16-day normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) maximum value composite (MVC), and land surface water index (LSWI) for one 1 year (1 June 2012–31 May 2013) along with seasonal field-plot level information and spectral matching techniques to derive croplands versus cropland fallows for each of the three seasons: the monsoon period between June and October; winter period between November and February; and summer period between March and May. The study showed that Myanmar had total net cropland area (TNCA) of 13.8 Mha. Cropland fallows during the monsoon season account for a meagre 2.4% of TNCA. However, in the winter season, 56.5% of TNCA (or 7.8 Mha) were classified as cropland fallows and during the summer season, 82.7% of TNCA (11.4 Mha) were cropland fallows. The producer’s accuracy of the cropland fallow class varied between 92 and 98% (errors of omission of 2 to 8%) and user’s accuracy varied between 82 and 92% (errors of commission of 8 to 18%) for winter and summer, respectively. Overall, the study estimated 19.2 Mha cropland fallows from the two major seasons (winter and summer). Out of this, 10.08 Mha has sufficient moisture (either from rainfall or stored soil water content) to grow short-season pulse crops. This potential with an estimated income of US$ 300 per hectare, if exploited sustainably, is estimated to bring an additional net income of about US$ 1.5 billion to Myanmar per year if at least half (5.04 Mha) of the total cropland fallows (10.08 Mha) is covered with short season pulses. 相似文献
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N. P. Ratnayake K. B. A. Silva I. G. I. K. Kumara 《Environmental Earth Sciences》2013,69(8):2529-2540
The Kaluganga River Estuary is one of the main sources of construction sand in Sri Lanka. Salt water intrusion along this estuary due to extensive sand mining has increased over the years. Thus, the focus of the current research is to understand the relationship between river sand mining, salt water intrusion, and the resultant effects on construction sand. Two surveys were conducted along the Kaluganga Estuary along an 11 km stretch from the river mouth at predetermined intervals to measure depth water quality profiles, and to collect sediment samples. These surveys were carried out during maximum spring tide; first in a dry period and then in a wet period, to understand hydrographic effects on the quality of river sands. Sand samples were analysed for absolute chloride content and grain size distribution. Results showed significant salt water intrusion during the dry period, averaging 2,307 μS cm?1 in surface waters throughout the surveyed 11 km stretch along with 3,818 μS cm?1 (average) in bottom waters up to 5.6 km upstream from the river mouth causing above normal chloride content in the bottom sandy sediments. The high chloride content in bottom sands was recorded up to 5.5 km from the river mouth making them unsuitable for construction purposes. However, during wet period, salt water intrusion levels in the bottom waters were insignificant (average 61 μS cm?1) and the chloride content in bottom sediments was very low. This study highlighted the requirement for regulations on river estuary sandmining for construction purposes. 相似文献
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Environmental flow (EF) determination requires decisions on total volume of flow to be allocated for the environment and delivery
(timing) of that flow. In general, it is beneficial to maintain the natural variation and timing in flows, as many ecological
processes are dependent on flow variations and also on implicit links to other triggers such as temperature and rainfall.
These linkages are not always understood and are best preserved by maintaining a natural flow pattern. Increased water drawn
from the Tungabhadra (TB) dam for the agricultural, domestic and industrial uses have gradually altered the natural flow.
This has an impact on the socio-economic condition of the downstream-dependent population of the river. In this research study,
an attempt has been made to understand the existing river flow in the TB River and the significance of the ecosystem services
for the local livelihood. Different methods like Tennant method, Indicators for Hydrological Alteration (IHA) and Global Environmental
Flow Calculator (GEFC) were employed to understand the EF status in the TB River. Comparative analysis helped us to statistically
describe how these patterns have changed for TB River, due to abrupt impacts such as dam construction, or more gradual trends
associated with land- and water-use changes. The downstream of the river bed for about a 100 km has shrunken in its size.
The study also identified that the livelihood support has gradually declined during the last decade resulting in shifting
of the occupation and migration of the community. 相似文献
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