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1.
Enrico Costa Ronaldo Bellazzini Gianpiero Tagliaferri Giorgio Matt Andrea Argan Primo Attinà Luca Baldini Stefano Basso Alessandro Brez Oberto Citterio Sergio Di Cosimo Vincenzo Cotroneo Sergio Fabiani Marco Feroci Antonella Ferri Luca Latronico Francesco Lazzarotto Massimo Minuti Ennio Morelli Fabio Muleri Lucio Nicolini Giovanni Pareschi Giuseppe Di Persio Michele Pinchera Massimiliano Razzano Luigia Reboa Alda Rubini Antonio Maria Salonico Carmelo Sgro’ Paolo Soffitta Gloria Spandre Daniele Spiga Alessio Trois 《Experimental Astronomy》2010,28(2-3):137-183
Since the birth of X-ray astronomy, spectral, spatial and timing observation improved dramatically, procuring a wealth of information on the majority of the classes of the celestial sources. Polarimetry, instead, remained basically unprobed. X-ray polarimetry promises to provide additional information procuring two new observable quantities, the degree and the angle of polarization. Polarization from celestial X-ray sources may derive from emission mechanisms themselves such as cyclotron, synchrotron and non-thermal bremsstrahlung, from scattering in aspheric accreting plasmas, such as disks, blobs and columns and from the presence of extreme magnetic field by means of vacuum polarization and birefringence. Matter in strong gravity fields and Quantum Gravity effects can be studied by X-ray polarimetry, too. POLARIX is a mission dedicated to X-ray polarimetry. It exploits the polarimetric response of a Gas Pixel Detector, combined with position sensitivity, that, at the focus of a telescope, results in a huge increase of sensitivity. The heart of the detector is an Application-Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) chip with 105,600 pixels each one containing a full complete electronic chain to image the track produced by the photoelectron. Three Gas Pixel Detectors are coupled with three X-ray optics which are the heritage of JET-X mission. A filter wheel hosting calibration sources unpolarized and polarized is dedicated to each detector for periodic on-ground and in-flight calibration. POLARIX will measure time resolved X-ray polarization with an angular resolution of about 20 arcsec in a field of view of 15 × 15 arcmin and with an energy resolution of 20% at 6 keV. The Minimum Detectable Polarization is 12% for a source having a flux of 1 mCrab and 105 s of observing time. The satellite will be placed in an equatorial orbit of 505 km of altitude by a Vega launcher. The telemetry down-link station will be Malindi. The pointing of POLARIX satellite will be gyroless and it will perform a double pointing during the earth occultation of one source, so maximizing the scientific return. POLARIX data are for 75% open to the community while 25% + SVP (Science Verification Phase, 1 month of operation) is dedicated to a core program activity open to the contribution of associated scientists. The planned duration of the mission is one year plus three months of commissioning and SVP, suitable to perform most of the basic science within the reach of this instrument. A nice to have idea is to use the same existing mandrels to build two additional telescopes of iridium with carbon coating plus two more detectors. The effective area in this case would be almost doubled. 相似文献
2.
Lisandro D. Dalcin Rodrigo R. Paz Pablo A. Kler Alejandro Cosimo 《Advances in water resources》2011,34(9):1124-1139
This work presents two software components aimed to relieve the costs of accessing high-performance parallel computing resources within a Python programming environment: MPI for Python and PETSc for Python.MPI for Python is a general-purpose Python package that provides bindings for the Message Passing Interface (MPI) standard using any back-end MPI implementation. Its facilities allow parallel Python programs to easily exploit multiple processors using the message passing paradigm. PETSc for Python provides access to the Portable, Extensible Toolkit for Scientific Computation (PETSc) libraries. Its facilities allow sequential and parallel Python applications to exploit state of the art algorithms and data structures readily available in PETSc for the solution of large-scale problems in science and engineering.MPI for Python and PETSc for Python are fully integrated to PETSc-FEM, an MPI and PETSc based parallel, multiphysics, finite elements code developed at CIMEC laboratory. This software infrastructure supports research activities related to simulation of fluid flows with applications ranging from the design of microfluidic devices for biochemical analysis to modeling of large-scale stream/aquifer interactions. 相似文献
3.
威尼斯泻湖位于意大利北部,亚得里亚海边,是意大利最大的泻湖,水面面积约550 km2,平均水深1.1 m.入湖的陆地流域1 877 km2,每年流入泻湖淡水约900 Mm3.泻湖通过3个潮流通道与海洋交换水体和能量;因此,它传统上被分成3个水下盆地,每1个水下盆地对应一个潮流通道,一个潮周期内大量海水流进流出,总量相当于泻湖总容量的三分之一(Ga(c)i (c)等,2004).淡水通过许多支流注入泻湖,携大量的营养物质,这些物质主要沉积在北部泻湖地区(Zonta等,2001).最重要的支流位于泻湖的北面,这个区域2001年曾接受了超过总量50%的沉积物.同样,在泻湖区,有一个巨大的工厂,是意大利最重要的工业区之一.这些工业区是意大利热量、淡水和营养的重要来源. 相似文献
4.
Patricija Mozetič Cosimo Solidoro Gianpiero Cossarini Giorgio Socal Robert Precali Janja Francé Franco Bianchi Cinzia De Vittor Nenad Smodlaka Serena Fonda Umani 《Estuaries and Coasts》2010,33(2):362-375
The results of the updated and quality-checked data base of field observations on chlorophyll a (Chl a) collected in the period 1970–2007 in the Northern Adriatic Sea are presented. From the last decade, SeaWiFS satellite information
was also considered. Results demonstrate a global tendency towards Chl a reduction in the period of investigation, which is more marked in the eutrophic area under the influence of the Po River.
In the rest of the basin, which presents meso- or oligotrophic characteristics, long-term changes are more difficult to detect.
The long-term field dataset can be divided into two periods: the last decade characterized by the strong decrease observed
in the whole northern Adriatic and the earlier period with no or slight increase. The recent substantial reduction of Chl
a concentrations is confirmed all over the basin (−0.11 mg m−3 year−1) from satellite-derived information. Results are consistent with recently evidenced decrease in concentrations of phosphate
and ammonia and point to the existence of oligotrophication in the Northern Adriatic. Results indicate forcefully that the
still common perception of the Adriatic Sea as a very eutrophic basin is no longer appropriate, at least for its northern
part and in recent years. 相似文献
5.
Giorgio Socal Francesco Acri Mauro Bastianini Fabrizio Bernardi Aubry Franco Bianchi Daniele Cassin Joan Coppola Amelia De Lazzari Vinko Bandelj Gianpiero Cossarini Cosimo Solidoro 《Marine Ecology》2008,29(4):449-468
This paper reports on the main biogeochemical properties of the Northern Adriatic Sea in the period May 2003–November 2006 within the framework of the European program INTERREG III Italy‐Slovenia. Spatial and temporal distributions of water density, dissolved oxygen, nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorous and silicon) and chlorophyll a are presented. Multivariate methods such as fuzzy k‐means, self‐organising maps and cluster analysis were used to identify the different water masses and to characterise the temporal and spatial variability of the main biogeochemical features present in the area. The results confirm that the Po River outflows and the meteorological forcing factors are the main components triggering the alternation of stratification and mixing of the water column and that strongly affect the trophic state of the basin. In general, oligotrophic conditions dominate, and were more pronounced offshore, but mesotrophy occurred episodically in May 2004 and July 2005, when phytoplankton blooms were observed concomitant with vertical stability of the water column. A marked interannual variability was also observed, supporting the importance of maintaining long‐term observations of the basin. 相似文献
6.
Béchir Béjaoui Ali Harzallah Mahmoud Moussa Annie Chapelle Cosimo Solidoro 《Estuarine, Coastal and Shelf Science》2008
This study deals with the use of a multivariate analysis method in order to understand the functioning of the Bizerte lagoon ecosystem. A set of hydrobiological parameters was collected during 10 monthly campaigns in 2004. A variant of the EOF (Empirical Orthogonal Function) technique is used to examine hydrobiological variability modes in this lagoon. The permanent features characterising the lagoon are obtained by applying the EOF technique to data after removing the annual cycle. Two major modes were obtained. The first one shows a contrast between the northern sector of the lagoon, influenced by the Mediterranean Sea, and the southern one influenced by continental waters. This mode is mostly prominent for temperature and salinity. The second mode shows a contrast between shallow waters along the coastal zones and the deep central area of the lagoon. This contrast is more pronounced towards the southwestern edge of the lagoon, a region of important freshwater input from the Tinja channel, which drifts towards the downstream area of Menzel Bourguiba. This second mode may also correspond to northward water circulation under southerly wind blowing frequently in summer. The spatial and temporal variability in the lagoon is highlighted by applying the EOF to the raw data without removing the annual cycle. A weight series is obtained for each variable by extracting the corresponding data and then projecting them on the corresponding eigenvector. Using this technique, only one mode was found dominant with more than 52% of the total variance. It was also found that the north–south contrast of temperature, salinity and phosphorous and the coast-centre contrast of Chlorophyll a are enhanced in summer. Other variables such as ammonia and nitrate also show significant annual cycles but with local patterns. 相似文献
7.
Marta Coll Simone Libralato Tony J. Pitcher Cosimo Solidoro Sergi Tudela 《Global Environmental Change》2013,23(1):157-166
The Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries developed in 1995 by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations includes a set of recommendations for reducing the negative impacts of fishing activities on marine ecosystems. The Code is widely believed to be an important tool for fisheries management and, although the Code is voluntary, all stakeholders concerned with the management and development of fisheries, and conservation of fishery resources, are actively encouraged to implement it. Previous analysis at global scale showed widespread low compliance with the Code of Conduct that may be partly due to a lack of empirical support for the overall ecological benefits of adhering to the Code. Here we evaluated these ecological effects by comparing compliance with the Code to changes in five ecological indicators that quantify the ecosystem effects of fishing. We used the loss in production index and the related probability of sustainable fishing index, the mean trophic level of the catch, total catches, and the primary production required to sustain the catch. We also tested if regional differences and development status of countries influenced the results of ecological indicators. Results indicate that countries with higher levels of compliance with the FAO Code of Conduct in 2008 experienced a decrease in the Loss in Production index and an increase in fisheries sustainability from the 1990s to 2000s. We conclude that better implementation of the Code of Conduct may have had overall positive ecological effects with time. A significant decrease in total catch and primary production required with higher compliance was also observed. While a significant increase in ecosystem sustainability was observed after a decade of adoption of the Code at high levels of compliance, further ecosystem degradation had taken place where compliance with the Code was below a given threshold (4, from a ranking of 0–10). Therefore, since compliance with the Code is still low or very low worldwide, these results may encourage individual countries to adopt well-established fishery management measures in order to increase the ecological sustainability of marine resources. 相似文献
8.
The cultural gap between Europe and Asia (at first political and then religious) saw an increase with the spread of Islam, which, to the European imagination, was synonymous with ‘foreign’. This separation grew after the discovery of America (1492) with the loss of the central commercial position of the Mediterranean reducing the level of contact between the countries of its basin. Traces of these changes can be recognized on historic Western maps in the transformation of their toponyms (place names). Through a comparative cartographic analysis, this paper examines some of the key changes and phases that occurred during the era. 相似文献
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10.
Cosimo Bambi 《Astronomy Reports》2021,65(10):902-905
Astronomy Reports - Einstein’s theory of General Relativity was proposed over 100 years ago and has successfully passed a large number of observational tests in weak gravitational fields. On... 相似文献