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The limited knowledge of the variations,both spatial and temporal,of the flow patterns at the watershed level invariably leads to poor space management,generating great and often irreversible damage.Therefore,measuring peak flows appears to be not only important but even essential.Due to the absence of hydrometric stations at the outlet of the sub-basins that are part of comprehensive prevention strategy,and were established because of the high vulnerability of the city of Batna,this study provides a transformation model of rainfall into flows in the Batna watershed.This work aims to model the transformation of rainfall into flows.To estimate the Q max,two formulas were used,and Turazza's seems to be the most adequate,because it demonstrates a cumulative sub-basins flow close to the result recorded by the only hydrometric station at the outlet of Batna Watershed.From this modeling,it is possible to estimate the extreme quantiles with the return periods of 10,20,50 and 100 years for each sub-basin.Its purpose is to help design of hydraulic works and increase the resilience of development projects that might be exposed to floods. 相似文献
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The Taltheilei, Utsingi, McLean and Blanchet formations form a 175–390 m thick carbonate platform-to-basin succession in the lower part of the PaleoProterozoic Pethei Group, preserved in the eastern arm of Great Slave Lake. Carbonates accumulated along the south-east margin of the Slave Craton within a foredeep formed during the collision of the Slave and Churchill Cratons. The rocks include eight, predominantly microbial, carbonate facies that comprise five facies associations representing (1) shallow-water rimmed shelf, (2) shallow-water open shelf, (3) shallow-water ramp, (4) upper slope and deep ramp, and (5) lower slope and basin plain environments. Microbialite facies grew by organically mediated precipitation of spar and micritic cement and trapping and binding of lime mud. These wholly subtidal facies typically reflect progressive shallowing and changing geometry of the lower Pethei sea floor, from ramp, to open shelf, to shallow rimmed shelf, with associated slope and basin plain deposition. Repeated relative sea-level changes influenced platform growth. This resulted in five shallowing upward packages; each separated by an incipient drowning event of varying magnitude. Antecedent topography and the size of the preceding drowning event strongly influenced the initial growth of each interval. This repeated pattern is attributed to interaction between (a) the inherent tendency of microbial carbonates to aggrade vertically, (b) changing sedimentation rates and (c) readjustments of relative base level. The lower Pethei succession is one of few PaleoProterozoic examples of carbonate platform growth within a foreland basin. It has (1) a low gradient profile, (2) extensive slope and basin plain carbonate production and sedimentation, (3) no ooids, (4) minor terrigenous clastic sediments, and (4) a mobile, submergent shelf rim lacking substantial carbonate sand shoals. 相似文献
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SAMI SOLIMAN MOHAMED 《Geophysical Prospecting》1970,18(Z1):654-665
During the last decade many hypotheses were suggested to explain the phenomenon of induced electrical polarization in ionic conductive media. The most reliable of these is Fredricksberg's. Fredricksberg (1962) supposed that the pore spaces of a rock is composed of successively narrow (active zones) and wide (inactive zones). He simulated these pore spaces by a synthetic material that has an extremely high resistance. The pore spaces were generally in tube forms which exhibited some constrictions. He saturated these tubes with an electrolyte of a given concentration. An electric current was passed through this model. He observed an induced polarization voltage after current interruption. He attributed the formation of this voltage to a concentration gradient which took place due to the presence of excess charges in the active zones. Fredricksberg introduced a parameter (9) which described the relation among the lengths and cross sectional areas of the wide zones, the number of ions within each zone after current interruption with the recorded polarizability. The aim of this work is to correlate Fredricksberg's parameter with a parameter determined for natural rocks and to show experimentally the validity of this hypothesis when applying for some varieties of sandstones and volcanic rocks. The new parameter will help to evaluate a relationship between the polarizability and the water-collecting properties of rocks. Herein, we used the tortuosity T of sandstone samples instead of the parameter φ which was used by Fredricksberg to represent the pore geometry within his model (tortuosity of the passes within the model). It was shown that both φ and T have the same relationship with the polarizability ν of the rock samples and if φ or T have very low or very high values the polarizability ν tends to its minimum value, i.e. the curve representing the relation between ν and T has a maximum point corresponding to an intermediate value of T. This result supports Fredricksberg's hypothesis and confirm his results on synthetic models. For volcanic rocks the formation factor F was used since it was difficult to determine the porosity of the samples and consequently to calculate the tortuosity T as for sandstone samples. Experimental results confirm those obtained from sandstone. The grain constituents of sandstone samples were represented on equilateral triangle and the magnitude of induced polarization ν of each sample was deduced and represented on this triangle. Equipolarizability values ν drawn on this triangle showed that TJ will increase as the silty fractions of the rock increase, where the center of this triangle (represents minimum porosity) has polarizability less than 0.25%. An attempt was made to determine the coefficient of anisotropy of volcanic rock samples using the induced polarization method. For this reason the polarizability was deduced by measuring the induced polarization voltage for two perpendicular directions in a fractured cubes of andesitic basalt samples the coefficient of anisotropy was found to be equal 1.18. 相似文献
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The 150–160 m thick lowermost Silurian (Rhuddanian) Becscie and Merrimack formations of Anticosti Island, Canada, represent continuous deposition on a shallow, open marine carbonate ramp. Several rock types are identified: (a) laminated and homogenous mudstone; (b) laminated and homogenous packstone; (c) argillaceous mudstone and packstone; (d) calcareous shale; (e) laminated calcisiltite; (f) medium- to fine-grained grainstone; and (g) bio/intraclastic rudstone. These rock types are arranged into five distinct lithofacies: (LF1) calcareous mudstone-shale; (LF2) laminated-homogenous mudstone; (LF3) calcareous grainstone-shale; (LF4) laminated mudstone-grainstone; and (LF5) laminated calcisiltite-grainstone. The sequence reflects deposition on a low-energy, muddy, carbonate to argillaceous ramp subject to short-lived, episodic high-energy storms. These events produced fining-upwards storm units 5–80 cm thick, or tempestites, consisting of: a sharp scoured base overlain by intra/bioclastic rudstone grading upwards into medium-grained grainstone, finely laminated calcisiltite and mudstone, or shale. These are interbedded with low-energy, fairweather mudstones and calcareous shales. Deposition progressed from a carbonate mud-dominated ramp in the Becscie Formation to an argillaceous mud-dominated ramp in the Merrimack Formation. Lateral tempestite proximality trends and lithofacies distribution indicate that the Anticosti Basin deepened to the south-east into the Iapetus Ocean and shallowed towards a SW—NE-orientated shoreline to the north-west. Vertical tempestite proximality trends and lithofacies changes identify third-order eustatic sea-level changes. After an initial deepening at the base of the formation, a shallowing-deepening event dominated the sequence. Several higher order fluctuations, defined by lithofacies and tempestite proximality trends, are superimposed on these changes. The fluctuations identified with the aid of tempestite proximality trends are of an order of magnitude higher than those identified by either lithofacies or palaeontological methods. 相似文献
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Mabrouk SAMI Theodoros NTAFLOS Haroun A. MOHAMED Esam S. FARAHAT Christoph HAUZENBERGER Nasser M. MAHDY Khaled M. ABDELFADIL Douaa FATHY 《《地质学报》英文版》2020,94(3):763-776
A highly-fractionated garnet-bearing muscovite granite represents the marginal granitic facies of the Abu-Diab multiphase pluton in the Central Eastern Desert of Egypt. New electron microprobe analyses(EMPA) and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry(LA-ICP-MS) data from garnets are reported, in order to constrain their origin and genesis. Garnet in the Abu-Diab host granite is euhedral to subhedral, generally homogeneous and, in rare cases, it shows weak zonation. The garnet contains appreciable amounts of MnO and FeO, with lesser amounts of MgO and CaO, yielding an end-member formula of Sps_(61–72)Alm_(25–35)Prp_(1–4)Adr_(0–1). Moreover, it is depleted in large ion lithophile elements(LILE) with lower values of Ba, Nb and Sr relative to the primitive mantle. Additionally, it contains high concentrations of HREE and Y and their REE pattern shows strong negative Eu anomalies. The garnet was crystallized under relatively low temperature(646°C–591°C) and pressure( 3 kbar) conditions. The textural and chemical features indicate that the garnet is magmatic in origin and is chemically similar to that from highly-fractionated A-type granite. It was probably formed at the expense of biotite in a highly-evolved MnO-rich magma and/or by hydroxyl complexing of Mn during the ascending fluid phases. 相似文献
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