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地球原地圈外层(包括原地壳)的组分、结构和演化途径涉及两方面相关的内容:宇宙化学和地球化学。宇宙化学是通过大多数地球形成的假说对原地圈的组分和结构进行模拟。作者采用“地球的多阶段多相增生模式”这一假说。原地圈组分的宇宙化学计算基于下列假设和约束条件:①地球的组分取决于残留物与“次生”宇宙物质的混合程度;②在原太阳星云内的宇宙物质增生遵循重力分异定律;③地核组份取决于铁陨石和铁石陨石的成分;④构成原地幔与原地壳的宇宙物质成分与石陨石的成分一致,并与石陨石的宇宙丰度和最初混合时降落在地球的比例大小有关;⑤超新星物质占地球物质的比例为2～3％,并趋向于在地表富集,在常量元素方面与宇宙丰度的平均值一致;⑥在原地壳和原上地幔中,由于产生元素时短期的放射和K(超新星物质组份)而产生 相似文献
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俯冲板块裨上是一剪切作用增厚带，沿该带地壳及壳下岩石圈物质流入地幔。板块是一个自我调整的分散绝热体系，因板块快速俯冲的受限热传导及其在剪切面（剪切面的形成是一个吸热过程）上流动时物质的不断更新，使体系保持低温状态。然而，这并不妨碍俯冲带快速的岩浆形成作用，这是因为，尽管俯冲带是高压的，但板块内岩石的高度分散作用（这种分散作用减小了岩石中单个矿物颗粒）及其受力状态使得岩石的熔点大幅度降低，这就加速了 相似文献
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A simple constant-head injection test for streambed hydraulic conductivity estimation 总被引：4，自引：1，他引：3
A fast, efficient constant-head injection test (CHIT) for in situ estimation of hydraulic conductivity (K) of sandy streambeds is presented. This test uses constant-head hydraulic injection through a manually driven piezometer. Results from CHIT compare favorably to estimates from slug testing and grain-size analysis. The CHIT combines simplicity of field performance, data interpretation, and accuracy of K estimation in flowing streams. 相似文献
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Papastergiou P Mouchtouri VA Rachiotis G Pinaka O Katsiaflaka A Hadjichristodoulou C 《Marine pollution bulletin》2011,62(3):590-595
Our aim was to examine the health effects on bathers from exposure to recreational seawater on three beaches with different microbiology quality and bather density through a cohort study. An initial questionnaire and a 10 day follow up were used. Univariate and backward logistic regression analyses were used to asses the risk of developing symptoms or diseases among the bathers. In total, 3805 bathers were included in the study and 149 samples were collected from the three beaches. Despite all the beaches being characterized of high quality the levels of bacterial indicators differed among them. Health effects among bathers were not associated with bacterial indicators. A statistically significant increased risk for symptoms related to respiratory illness, gastroenteritis, medical consultation and use of medication was observed among bathers at the higher bather density beaches. Beach bather numbers should always be taken into account when considering a risk assessment approach. 相似文献
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一定精度地表温度的取得不仅信赖于较好的大气订正,而且还取决于比辐射率随波主角度变化的知识。利用ＡＶＨＲＲ植被指数资料,参数化了星下点的比辐射率值,得到了对于包括沙漠,绿洲,戈壁等不同类型的复杂下垫面上的星下点比辐射率的值。 相似文献
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Yaping Zhou Ken C. Rutledge Analytical Service & Material Inc Hampton VA USA Thomas P. Charlock Atmospheric Sciences Division NASA Langley Research Center Hampton VA USA Norman G. Loeb Seiji Kato Hampton University Hampton VA USA 《大气科学进展》2001,(5)
l. IntroductionThe cIassicaI definition of bi--directional reflectance--distribution function (BRDF) is aderivative, distribution function, relatlng the irradiance incident from one given direction tolts contribution to the radiance renected in another direct1on (N1codemus et al., l977).f r (0,, rp,; 0,, rp, )= dL, (0,, P,; 0,, 9,; E, )/ dE, (0,, 9,) [sr-- 1 ], (l)where 0 (zenith angle) and 9 (azimuth angle) together indicate a direction, the subscr1pt i indi-cates quantities associated wi… 相似文献
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在南美南部(22—39°S)出露了一系列反映晚前寒武纪至近代构造事什的南北向内克拉通岩浆岩带(图1)。这些带的年龄由东而西减小,保存了不同的构造层次。最古老的岩浆带由年龄为730～450Ma的辉长岩、英云闪长岩、花岗岩和变质火山岩组成,在东Sierras Pampeanas沿走向出露达1200km以上。这些岩石产出于中高角闪岩相,它们正好位于一系列超镁铁质岩与构造岩的西侧。略为年轻的Puncoviscena岩浆带由年龄为604～530Ma的奥长花岗岩、花岗闪长岩组成,保存在Sierras Pampeanas西北端。Puncoviscana岩石的变质级由绿片岩相至黝帘石相。它们侵入到为大陆坡沉积物覆盖的减薄地壳中。早古生代岩浆作用出现在两个带中,主要是寒武纪至晚奥陶世期的。第一个带沿现在的Sierras Pampeanas的西缘与Puncoviscana带部分地叠加一在起。另一个带沿着智利北部的Arequipa-Antofalla出现。两个带都由辉长岩、英云闪长岩、花岗闪长岩和花岗 相似文献