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非常规水资源开发利用已成为世界各国缓解水资源危机的重要举措之一。为深化对中国非常规水资源开发利用水平和现状的认知,更好地支撑非常规水资源开发利用管理和实践,在对不同类型非常规水资源开发利用实地调研的基础上,重点阐述非常规水资源的术语和内涵,总结非常规水资源的现状开发利用量和开发利用模式,分析非常规水资源开发利用中存在的主要问题,并针对性地提出对策建议。近年来中国加大了对非常规水资源的开发利用力度,非常规水资源开发利用量逐年上升,截至2018年底已达86.4亿m3,但在全国供水总量中的占比尚不足1.5%,开发利用中还存在体制机制不健全、规划设计不到位、工程技术有短板等问题,制约着非常规水资源开发利用的有序发展。非常规水资源开发利用涉及面广,需要社会各界的共同努力,才能迎来非常规水资源开发利用的新局面。 相似文献
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分析评价西北区域参加实验室比对的试验结果,及时发现问题并进行纠正,总结实施实验间比对工作的经验,提高实验室检定/校准能力和质量管理水平。参加比对的计量检定实验室分别对气压、温度、湿度、风速比对样品进行比对试验,用归一化偏差(En)进行统计分析。2011年西北区域气象计量检定的温度、湿度、气压实验室比对结果为满意,风速实验室比对结果为较满意。该次比对的实验数据客观、真实、可信,是对各参加比对实验室检定/校准能力的综合评价,较为客观地反映了各技术机构检定装置的测量能力、检定人员的技术水平以及西北区域气象计量标准装置的现状。 相似文献
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紫色土坡耕地细沟发育的形态演变 总被引：5，自引：0，他引：5
研究细沟发育的形态演变规律是认识细沟发生机理的前提,本研究通过人工降雨与微地貌扫描相结合的方法,调查了紫色土坡耕地细沟发生过程的形态演变特征.采用三维激光扫描仪扫描不同降雨时段坡面,生成高精度坡面DEM图像,统计各时段不同坡段等高线偏离度,量算坡面凹陷区的表面积、周长、直径以及沟头下切深度;结果表明,等高线偏离度越大细沟发育越完全,有细沟发生坡面等高线偏离度是无细沟坡面的1倍以上;凹陷区的表面积、周长、直径相对于单位降雨量的扩展速率均在细沟贯穿时段出现最大值;跌坑位置与坡面水平起伏关系不明显,统计的3条沟头分别发育于水平方向起伏的最高点、中间点和低点;跌坑下切深度及其单位降雨量的扩展速率在跌坑贯穿形成细沟时段出现最大值,之后逐渐降低,说明跌坑的形成是细沟造床的关键. 相似文献
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乌蒙山区划跨云南、贵州、四川三省,是国家新一轮扶贫开发攻坚战主战场之一,五角堡背斜位于乌蒙山区中部,分布于绥江县五角堡至屏山县楼东一带,背斜周边共出露天然泉点45个,幸福泉位于五角堡背斜北西翼,距离核部2km,枯水季流量141L/s,丰水季流量822L/s,为新滩镇供水水源地。根据前人调查,此泉的成因机理研究主要有两种截然不同的理论,一种为"上升泉理论",一种为"下降泉理论",针对这两种理论,以现场调查、示踪试验及地球物理勘探为依据,对幸福泉成因机理进行深入分析并提出自己的观点,认为幸福泉为岩溶裂隙上升泉,为此后同类富水性背斜泉群的研究及该地区地下水资源的合理开发利用提供科学依据。 相似文献
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7Be is a naturally occurring cosmogenic radionuclide produced in the stratosphere and troposphere as a result of cosmic ray spallation of nitrogen and oxygen. The constant fallout via precipitation and short half-life (53.3 days), coupled with shallow depth distribution in soil profile (~2 cm) provide the unique advantages for its application as a soil and sediment tracer over short timescales, such as a single storm or short period of extreme rainfall. With the climate change and increasing rainfall events, the 7Be tracing method will exhibit wide application prospect in future. To date, however, this technique is still in its infancy and some important assumptions have not yet been effectively validated. Consequently, the use of 7Be to document soil erosion rates has been limited. This contribution briefly reviews the history and current status relating to this tracing method. In addition, the basic principles and recent research progresses in conversion models for use of 7Be measurements to estimate soil redistribution rates are introduced. The key assumptions and uncertainties of the technique, as well as the effects of the vegetation interception and particle size selectivity are discussed. Additionally, some new investigation directions are provided, including the assumption validation and uncertainty analysis, the impact of vegetation interception, the extending of spatial and temporal scales, and the development of new conversion models. 相似文献
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紫色土坡面水流跌坑形态特征及其成因 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
跌坑的形成是坡面侵蚀过程中的重要一环,是细沟开始出现的临界形态,跌坑的贯穿标志着细沟的形成。本研究采用模拟降雨与微地形测量相结合的方法,调查了不同雨强下紫色土坡面跌坑的发育过程及其形态分布。试验结果表明,降雨初期紫色土坡面水流跌坑边界模糊,横断面上跌坑基本在相同水平线上,与紫色土颗粒组成较粗有关;1.83～2.33 mm/min的雨强下,顺坡跌坑平均间距变化于8.2～9.4 mm之间,跌坑深度顺坡分布呈现较大的波动性,平均深度介于1.4～1.8 cm,总体上随雨强呈增大趋势;横断面上跌坑宽度变化相对较大,平均宽度介于9.4～16.3 cm,随雨强变化趋势不明显;跌坑水平间距除边界外相对稳定,地势低洼处优先形成跌坑,但也并非尽然;基于运动波理论分析认为,紫色土坡面跌坑的连续分布是坡面流运动波的能量周期性波动作用形成。 相似文献
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The level-trench method is a traditional tillage operation to develop a drainage system on slope land in the Three Gorges region.Before crops are planted,farmers prepare the land with level trenches spaced 3-10 m apart,depending on the slope gradient:steeper slopes require shorter distances.Little scientific analysis has been done on the use of traditional level trenches for soil conservation.We conducted a field investigation and simulation experiments,and present a comparison between the spacing of level trenches and the slope length required for rill initiation.The results indicate that the spacing of level trenches in farmland is close to the slope length required for rill initiation in the experimental plots,and regression models of trench spacing with the gradient and the slope length required for rill initiation with the gradient have similar formats;the coefficients of determination (R2) for the two equations are 0.99 and 0.88,respectively.There were some differences between the field survey and experiments,but we conclude that the traditional level-trench method has an important role in preventing rill initiation. 相似文献
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Accelerated soil erosion and land degradation represent major environmental problems for agricultural lands.Reliable information on the rates of soil loss is urgently needed.The traditional techniques for documenting rates of soil loss may meet this need,but face many limitations.The fallout radionuclides,especially 137 Cs and 210 Pb ex,are increasingly used as effective tracers to quantify soil erosion rates,and they represent a valuable complement to the existing classical methods.This paper aims to introduce the basis for assessing soil erosion rates on cultivated and uncultivated slopes by using 137 Cs and 210 Pb ex measurements,to compare the 137 Cs and 210 Pb ex reference inventories,and to report several case studies undertaken in the hilly area of Sichuan Basin and the Three Gorges area of China. 相似文献
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