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1.
2.
In most fisheries catch per unit effort shows significant seasonal and spatial variation. Traditionally, i.e. when vessels are free to choose their harvesting strategy, 80% of the Norwegian cod is landed during the winter in a limited geographical area. To alter the seasonal and spatial supply of cod to the fish processing industry, rural community quotas were introduced. In this paper, we develop a model to predict how different vessels will adapt to the quotas introduced. The hypotheses developed are mostly confirmed in an empirical study. Theoretical, methodological, and managerial implications of the findings are discussed. 相似文献
3.
This paper analyses the trends and the future projections of significant wave height in several ocean areas at different parts of the world. It uses a stochastic Bayesian hierarchical space-time model, with a regression component with atmospheric levels of CO2 as covariates in order to estimate the expected long-term trends and make future projections towards the year 2100. The model was initially developed for an area in the North Atlantic ocean, and has been found to perform reasonably well there, and it is now investigated how the model performs for other ocean areas. 11 new ocean areas have been analysed with the model, and this paper presents the results pertaining to the estimated long-term trends and future projections of monthly maximum significant wave height for each of the 12 ocean areas. 相似文献
4.
Marcel Dobber Robert Voors Ruud Dirksen Quintus Kleipool Pieternel Levelt 《Solar physics》2008,249(2):281-291
We have constructed a new high resolution solar reference spectrum in the spectral range between 250 and 550 nm. The primary
use of this spectrum is for the calibration of the Dutch – Finnish Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI), but other applications
are mentioned. The incentive for deriving a new high resolution solar reference spectrum is that available spectra do not
meet our requirements on radiometric accuracy or spectral resolution. In this paper we explain the steps involved in constructing
the new spectrum, based on available low and high resolution spectra and discuss the main sources of uncertainty. We compare
the result with solar measurements obtained with the OMI as well as with other UV-VIS space-borne spectrometers with a similar
spectral resolution. We obtain excellent agreement with the OMI measurements, which indicates that both the newly derived
solar reference spectrum and our characterization of the OMI instrument are well understood. We also find good agreement with
previously published low resolution spectra. The absolute intensity scale, wavelength calibration and representation of the
strength of the Fraunhofer lines have been investigated and optimized to obtain the resulting high resolution solar reference
spectrum. 相似文献
5.
A spatially distributed, physically based, hydrologic modeling system (MIKE SHE) was applied to quantify intra‐ and inter‐annual discharge from the snow and glacierized Zackenberg River drainage basin (512 km2; 20% glacier cover) in northeast Greenland. Evolution of snow accumulation, distribution by wind‐blown snow, blowing‐snow sublimation, and snow and ice surface melt were simulated by a spatially distributed, physically based, snow‐evolution modelling system (SnowModel) and used as input to MIKE SHE. Discharge simulations were performed for three periods 1997–2001 (calibration period), 2001–2005 (validation period), and 2071–2100 (scenario period). The combination of SnowModel and MIKE SHE shows promising results; the timing and magnitude of simulated discharge were generally in accordance with observations (R2 = 0·58); however, discrepancies between simulated and observed discharge hydrographs do occur (maximum daily difference up to 44·6 m3 s?1 and up to 9% difference between observed and simulated cumulative discharge). The model does not perform well when a sudden outburst of glacial dammed water occurs, like the 2005 extreme flood event. The modelling study showed that soil processes related to yearly change in active layer depth and glacial processes (such as changes in yearly glacier area, seasonal changes in the internal glacier drainage system, and the sudden release of glacial bulk water storage) need to be determined, for example, from field studies and incorporated in the models before basin runoff can be quantified more precisely. The SnowModel and MIKE SHE model only include first‐order effects of climate change. For the period 2071–2100, future IPCC A2 and B2 climate scenarios based on the HIRHAM regional climate model and HadCM3 atmosphere–ocean general circulation model simulations indicated a mean annual Zackenberg runoff about 1·5 orders of magnitude greater (around 650 mmWE year?1) than from today 1997–2005 (around 430 mmWE year?1), mainly based on changes in negative glacier net mass balance. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
6.
Wilckens Kienow Ingolf Ruud Mückenhausen W. Kolshorn A. Winkler-Hermaden 《International Journal of Earth Sciences》1937,28(1-2):89-98
Ohne Zusammenfassung 相似文献
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8.
Lower Pleistocene sediments recovered in boreholes from the Aberdeen Ground Formation in the central North Sea indicate that the unit was deposited in a delta front to prodelta/shallow, open shelf marine setting. Possible estuarine and clastic nearshore marine deposits have been identified on the western margin of the basin. The delta front sediments consist of interbedded, structureless to laminated sands and muds with organic debris, ferruginous nodules and common soft sediment deformation structures. Sporadic rippled and graded beds, basal scours to beds and starved ripples suggest periodic wave–current reworking. Prodelta/shelf marine sediments are predominantly argillaceous with only occasional thin sand beds and rare phosphatic bands. One exceptionally thick sand body or submarine channel-fill although this remains uncertain. The estuarine/clastic nearshore marine sediments include coarse channel-lag deposits and rippled and laminated subtidal sands. A rich microfossil assemblage recovered from the prodelta/shelf marine sequence indicates that deposition occurred under fluctuating climatic conditions. 相似文献
9.
Ruud Weijermars 《Tectonophysics》1986,124(3-4)
The initiation of analogue studies of rock flow is stimulated by improving our knowledge of suitable model materials. Bouncing Putties and “Plasticines” are the most frequently used model materials in analogue studies of flow instabilities in deforming rocks. Polydimethyl-siloxane (PDMS) and polyborondimethylsiloxane (PBDMS), both substrates of Bouncing Putty, are introduced as convenient geological model materials. The chemistry of PDMS, PBDMS, Bouncing Putties and “Plasticines” is reviewed. A comprehensive set of instructions and graphs is provided for the manipulation of these model materials.In particular, a high viscosity PDMS produced as an intermediate compound under the code name SGM36 by Dow Corning (Great Britain) opens exciting possibilities for analogue studies of rock flow, because it is perfectly transparent. This allows continuous observation of three-dimensional strain markers during an experiment.The polymeric flow mechanisms are compared with the flow behaviour and crystal plasticity theory of rocks. The flow of natural rocks is taken to be of Reiner-Rivlin type with powers n varying between 1 and 10.Flow curves have been constructed for Bouncing Putties, Plastilinas (cf. Plasticines) and SGM36 (cf. PDMS). These original curves are supplemented with extensive data on similar materials compiled from the literature. The combined data reveal a consistent flow curve pattern for each group of model materials considered.Strain-rate softening of commercially available Bouncing Putties and “Plasticines” at low strain rates can be attributed to the solid filler concentration. The power n, which describes the departure from Newtonian flow, appears to be dependent on the angular filler volume concentration c and is governed by the preliminary equation n = 1−11c + 48c2. This finding provides a technique for manipulating liquid polymers to simulate natural rock flow with various powers of n.The (T, P) dependence of the viscosity and thermal properties of PDMS are outlined to stimulate modelling which includes natural (T, P) gradients. 相似文献
10.
A 2D numerical finite-difference algorithm accounting for surface topography is presented. Higher-order, dispersion-bounded, cost-optimized finite-difference operators are used in the interior of the numerical grid, while non-reflecting absorbing boundary conditions are used along the edges. Transformation from a curved to a rectangular grid achieves the modelling of the surface topography. We use free-surface boundary conditions along the surface. In order to obtain complete modelling of the effects of wave propagation, it is important to account for the surface topography, otherwise near-surface effects, such as scattering, are not modelled adequately. Even if other properties of the medium, for instance randomization, can improve numerical simulations, inclusion of the surface topography makes them more realistic. 相似文献