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1.
Many studies have argued for the contribution of at least three components, namely the mantle wedge, the subducted oceanic crust, and its sediment cover, to describe the geochemistry of island arc volcanics. However, isotope correlations reflecting a simple binary mixing can be observed at the scale of a single arc island or volcano. Here we investigate the possibility that these trends reflect pseudo-binary mixing relationships in a three-component system. We present a simplified, two-stage model for the systematic isotope modelling of a cogenetic suite of arc lavas. This includes metasomatism of portions of the mantle wedge by hydrous phases released from the down-going oceanic crust, and sediments, followed by progressive mixing and melting. A consequence of this model is that it leads to a two end-member mixing process from the mantle wedge, oceanic crust, and sediment components. To solve the model we reduce it to a step-by-step procedure combined with a Monte-Carlo simulation. The procedure consists of: (i) producing a large number of random values on each variable of the model; (ii) using the computed values to calculate the isotopic compositions of lavas; and (iii) comparing the obtained isotopic compositions with measured data. Applied to a new set of Sr, Nd, and Pb isotope data for volcanics (basalts, basaltic andesites, trachybasalts, and basaltic trachyandesites) from Merapi volcano (Java island, Sunda arc), the model successfully reproduces the binary mixing relationships previously documented for the medium-K and high-K lava series from this volcano, thus giving further support to the hypothesis that this distinction is inherited from the primary magmas and primarily reflects a property of the mantle source. The results allow identification of a set of numerical values for bulk partition coefficients (solid/hydrous fluid, and solid/H2O-rich melt) and variables (e.g., the mass ratio between the metasomatizing phase and the mantle wedge), which can be used for quantitative arc-lava petrogenetic calculations. They also require a direct relationship between dehydration of the slab and melting of the metasomatized mantle wedge. Finally, our evaluation shows that for isotope modelling of the Merapi lavas, the two-stage procedure is controlled more by the considered source components (mantle wedge, oceanic crust, sediments, and their derivatives) than by the various processes involved (dehydration, melting, and mixing). 相似文献
2.
Osmium-strontium-neodymium-lead isotopic covariations in mid-ocean ridge basalt glasses and the heterogeneity of the upper mantle 总被引：4，自引：0，他引：4
Pierre Schiano Jean-Louis Birck Claude J. Allgre 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1997,150(3-4):363-379
Osmium, strontium, neodymium, and lead isotopic data have been obtained for 30 hand picked samples of basaltic glass from the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian mid-oceanic ridges. Large variations in Os isotopic ratios exist in the glasses, from abyssal peridotite-like values to radiogenic compositions similar to oceanic island basalts (187Os/186Os and 187Os/188Os ratios range from 1.06 to 1.36 and from 0.128 to 0.163, respectively). Os isotopic and elemental data suggest the existence of mixing correlations. This relationship might be ascribed to secondary contamination processes; however, such a hypothesis cannot account for the negative correlation observed between Os and Nd isotopes and the existence of complementary covariations between Os and SrPb isotopes. In this case, OsSrNdPb isotopic variations are unrelated to late post-eruption or shallow level contamination. These relationships provide strong evidence that the Os isotopic composition of the samples are derived from the mantle and thus implies a global chemical heterogeneity of the oceanic upper mantle. The results are consistent with the presence of recycled oceanic crust in the mantle sources of mid-ocean ridge basalts, and indicate that the unique composition of the upper mantle below the Indian ocean results from its contamination by a mantle component characterized by radiogenic Os and particularly unradiogenic Nd and Pb isotopic compositions. 相似文献
3.
We present the results of a detailed petrological study of a sparsely phyric basalt (MAPCO CH98-DR11) dredged along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge (30°41′N). The sample contains microphenocrysts of olivine that display four different rapid-growth morphologies. Comparison of these morphologies with those obtained in dynamic crystallization experiments allows us to constrain the thermal history of the sample. The dendritic morphology (swallowtail, chain and lattice olivine) is directly related to the final quenching during magma–seawater interaction. In contrast, the three other morphologies, namely the complex polyhedral crystal, the closed hopper and the complex swallowtail morphology result from several cycles of cooling–heating (corresponding to a maximum degree of undercooling of 20–25°C) during crystal growth. These thermal variations occurred before eruption and are interpreted to be the result of turbulent convection in a small magmatic body beneath the ridge. The results suggest that the Mid-Atlantic Ridge is underlain by a mush zone that releases batches of liquid during tectonic segregation. Aphyric basalts are emitted during eruptions controlled by the tectonic activity, whereas phyric basalts correspond to small fractions of magma from the mush zone mobilized by reinjections of primitive magmas. 相似文献
4.
Pierre Schiano Bernard Bourdon Robert Clocchiatti Dominique Massare Maria E. Varela Yan Bottinga 《Earth and Planetary Science Letters》1998,160(3-4):537-550
The study of glass inclusions inside mantle minerals provides direct information about the chemistry of naturally occurring mantle-derived melts and the fine-scale complexity of the melting process responsible for their genesis. Minerals in a spinel lherzolite nodule from Grande Comore island contain glass inclusions which, after homogenization by heating, exhibit a continuous suite of chemical compositions clearly distinct from that of the host basanitic lava. The compositions range from silicic, with nepheline–olivine normative, 64 wt% SiO2 and 11 wt% alkali oxides, to almost basaltic, with quartz normative, 50 wt% SiO2 and 1–2 wt% alkali oxides. Within a single mineral phase, olivine, the inferred primary melt composition varies from 54 to 64 wt% SiO2 for MgO content ranging from 8 to 0.8 wt%. An experimental study of the glass and fluid inclusions indicates that trapped melts represent liquids that are in equilibrium with their host phases at moderate temperature and pressure (T≈1230°C and P≈1.0 Gpa for melts trapped in olivine). Quantitative modelling of the compositional trends defined in the suite shows that all of the glasses are part of a cogenetic set of melts formed by fractional melting of spinel lherzolite, with F varying between 0.2 and 5%. The initial highly silicic, alkali-rich melts preserved in Mg-rich olivine become richer in FeO, MgO, CaO and Cr2O3 and poorer in SiO2, K2O, Na2O, Al2O3 and Cl with increasing melt fractions, evolving toward the basaltic melts found in clinopyroxene. These results confirm the connection between glass inclusions inside mantle minerals and partial mantle melts, and indicate that primary melts with SiO2 >60 wt%, alkali oxides >11%, FeO <1 wt% and MgO <1 wt% are generated during incipient melting of spinel peridotite. The composition of the primary melts is inferred to be dependent on pressure, and to reflect both the speciation of dissolved CO2 and the effect of alkali oxides on the silica activity coefficient in the melt. At pressures around 1 GPa, low-degree melts are characterized by alkali and silica-rich compositions, with a limited effect of dissolved CO2 and a decreased silica activity coefficient caused by the presence of alkali oxides, whereas at higher pressures alkali oxides form complexes with carbonates and, consequently, alkali-rich silica-poor melts will be generated. 相似文献
5.
J. Harvey A. Gannoun K.W. Burton P. Schiano O. Alard 《Geochimica et cosmochimica acta》2010,74(1):293-6182
Spinel lherzolite xenoliths from Mont Briançon, French Massif Central, retain evidence for multiple episodes of melt depletion and melt/fluid infiltration (metasomatism). Evidence for primary melt depletion is still preserved in the co-variation of bulk-rock major elements (MgO 38.7-46.1 wt.%; CaO 0.9-3.6 wt.%), and many samples yield unradiogenic bulk-rock Os isotope ratios (187Os/188Os = 0.11541-0.12626). However, many individual xenoliths contain interstitial glasses and melt inclusions that are not in equilibrium with the major primary minerals. Incompatible trace element mass balance calculations demonstrate that metasomatic components comprise a significant proportion of the bulk-rock budget for these elements in some rocks, ranging to as much as 25% of Nd and 40% of Sr Critically, for Re-Os geochronology, melt/fluid infiltration is accompanied by the mobilisation of sulfide. Consequently, bulk-rock isotope measurements, whether using lithophile (e.g. Rb-Sr, Sm-Nd) or siderophile (Re-Os) based isotope systems, may only yield a perturbed and/or homogenised average of these multiple events.Osmium mass balance calculations demonstrate that bulk-rock Os in peridotite is dominated by contributions from two populations of sulfide grain: (i) interstitial, metasomatic sulfide with low [Os] and radiogenic 187Os/188Os, and (ii) primary sulfides with high [Os] and unradiogenic 187Os/188Os, which have been preserved within host silicate grains and shielded from interaction with transient melts and fluid. The latter can account for >97% of bulk-rock Os and preserve geochronological information of the melt from which they originally precipitated as an immiscible liquid. The Re-depletion model ages of individual primary sulfide grains preserve evidence for melt depletion beneath the Massif Central from at least 1.8 Gyr ago despite the more recent metasomatic event(s). 相似文献
6.
Jér?me?MaumusEmail author Didier?Laporte Pierre?Schiano 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2004,148(1):1-12
Petrological and experimental studies demonstrated that nepheline-normative, SiO2-rich melts can be present in the upper mantle at pressures 1.5 GPa. To evaluate the role of such melts in mantle processes and magma genesis, we carried out two types of experiments: (1) melt distribution experiments to characterize the grain-scale distribution of a small fraction of typical SiO2-rich mantle melt (SRMM) in polycrystalline olivine (Ol) at 1,180°C, 1.2 GPa; and (2) an infiltration experiment to test the ability of SRMM to impregnate and metasomatise neighbouring non-molten mantle rocks. The median dihedral angles at Ol-Ol-SRMM contacts are equal to 50°, implying that melt should be interconnected at all melt fractions. Complications arise, however, in the investigated system because Ol–liquid interfacial energy is anisotropic, and we estimate that the connectivity threshold in the SRMM–Ol system is 0.3 vol%. Regarding the very low volume fraction of SRMM in peridotites, we conclude that these melts either occur as isolated pockets or form a network of grain edge channels with a low degree of connectivity due to a large number of dry grain edges. Even in the case where an interconnected network exists, their large viscosities should prohibit the extraction of SRMM from peridotite sources. The infiltration experiment also points to a very reduced mobility of SRMM in the upper mantle. In this experiment, a slice of synthetic dunite was immersed into a magma reservoir made of 60 wt% SRMM+40 wt% Ol, and subjected to 1,180°C-1.2 GPa for 113 h: despite this long duration, the SiO2-rich liquid was unable to infiltrate measurably the dunite. Our experiments do not support the hypothesis that SRMM represent agents of mantle metasomatism. 相似文献
7.
Dr. M. E. Varela Dr. R. Clocchiatti D. Massare Dr. P. Schiano 《Mineralogy and Petrology》1998,62(1-2):103-121
Summary In an attempt to investigate metasomatic processes in the subcontinental upper mantle beneath Northern Patagonia, melt and fluid inclusions trapped in spinel lherzolite and harzburgite xenoliths have been studied. The xenoliths contain three types of genetically related inclusions hosted by olivine, orthopyroxene, clinopyroxene and spinel: silicate glass inclusions, multiphase silicate melt inclusions and C02 fluid inclusions. CO2 densities of early fluid inclusions (0.93–1.02 g/cm3) and homogenization temperatures of melt inclusions (1220 °C) indicate that they were trapped at uppermantle depths.Silicate melt inclusions occur as isolated inclusions as trails along fractures and decorating lamellae deformation. They are composed of glass, or of glass with daughter crystals of clinopyroxene, amphibole, apatite and ilmenite. Glass inclusions are characterized by high contents of silica, alumina and alkali elements. The nature and chemistry of the daughter minerals indicate that melt inclusions can be considered as trapped metasomatic melts. Moreover, glass inclusions show chemical variations from high silica (68 wt%) melts trapped as isolated inclusions in olivine Fog, towards less siliceous (60 wt%) melts trapped as secondary inclusions in olivine FO89-90, orthopyroxene and spinel. This chemical evolution cannot be reconciled with magmatic processes, like fractional crystallization or different degrees of partial melting. The existence of two stages in their evolution, could reflect the heterogenous nature of the mantle source of the melts and the presence of a deep-seated fluid phase during melting.
Les inclusions vitreuses riches en silice: témoignages du métasomatisme du manteau subcontinental de la province de Rio Negro (Patagonie septentrionale, Argentine)
Résumé Les inclusions fluides et vitreuses piégées dans les minéraux des xénolithes de lherzolite á spinelle et de harzburgite ont fait l'objet d'études thermométriques et barochimiques afin de mieux cerner les processus métasomatiques qui ont affecté le manteau supérieur subcontinental du nord de la Patagonie. Les xénolithes contiennent trois types d'inclusions génétiquement reliées entre elles et piégées dans l'olivine, l'orthopyroxène, le clinopyroxène et les spinelles: 1) inclusions vitreuses, 2) inclusions vitreuses multiphasées, 3) inclusions fluides á CO2. La densité des inclusions fluides précoces (0.93 á 1.02g/c3) et la température d'homogénéisation des inclusions vitreuses (Th = 1220°C) indiquent que les inclusions ont été piégées dans le manteau supérieur.Les inclusions vitreuses sont soit en individus isolés, soit en alignements disposés selon des fractures et des lamelles de déformation (inclusions secondaires). Elles sont formées par du verre et par une bulle pouvant contenir du CO2 auxquels peuvent s'associer des minéraux fils (clinopyroxènes, amphiboles, apatites et ilménites). La phase vitreuse, caractérisée par une composition riche en silice, alumine, alcalins et volatils élevés et la nature des minéraux fils indiquent que les inclusions vitreuses résultent du piégeage de liquides métasomatiques.La composition des inclusions vitreuses varie. La teneur en SiO2 atteint 68% en poids dans les inclusions isolées des Fo 91, elle est par contre proche de 60% dans les inclusions secondaires des Fo 89-90, de l'orthopyroxène et du spinelle. La composition chimique des différents types d'inclusions ne peut être expliquée par les processus classiques de différenciation magmatique tels que la cristallisation fractionnée ou la fusion partielle. L'existence d'une bimodalité dans les compositions chimiques et dans les niveaux de piégeage plaident en faveur d'une source mantellique hétérogène et de l'intervention de fluides profonds lors du processus de fusion ayant généré les liquides métasomatiques.相似文献
8.
François Faure Pierre Schiano Gilles Trolliard Christian Nicollet Bernard Soulestin 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2007,153(4):405-416
Dynamic crystallization experiments in the CaO–MgO–Al2O3–SiO2 (CMAS) system have been used to investigate the change in crystal shape when pre-existing polyhedral olivine crystals are
cooled rapidly (1,639–2,182°C/h). Polyhedral olivines are crystallized initially in a first step using a slow cooling rate
(2°C/h), then skeletal and dendritic overgrowths develop on the polyhedral crystals during a subsequent fast cooling event.
During this second episode small dendritic olivines also nucleate within the liquid phase. Observation of the experimental
sample by optical microscopy shows that the polyhedral olivine shape progressively changes to a skeletal and then to a dendritic
morphology in the following sequence: polyhedral ⇒ hopper polyhedral ⇒ dendritic polyhedral. This evolutional sequence is
discussed in terms of changes in the crystal growth conditions during cooling and a general relation between these olivine
dynamic crystallization experiments and the integrated model of crystal growth by Sunagawa (Bull Minér 104:81–87, 1981, Morphology of crystals, Terra Scientific Publishing Company, 1987) is proposed. 相似文献
9.
Melt inclusions in scoria and associated mantle xenoliths of Puy Beaunit Volcano,Chaîne des Puys,Massif Central,France 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
Séverine?JannotEmail author Pierre?Schiano Pierre?Boivin 《Contributions to Mineralogy and Petrology》2005,149(5):600-612
In order to characterize the composition of the parental melts of intracontinental alkali-basalts, we have undertaken a study of melt and fluid inclusions in olivine crystals in basaltic scoria and associated upper mantle nodules from Puy Beaunit, a volcano from the Chaîne des Puys volcanic province of the French Massif Central (West-European Rift system). Certain melt inclusions were experimentally homogenised by heating-stage experiments and analysed to obtain major- and trace-element compositions. In basaltic scoria, olivine-hosted melt inclusions occur as primary isolated inclusions formed during growth of the host phase. Some melt inclusions contain both glass and daughter minerals that formed during closed-system crystallisation of the inclusion and consist mainly of clinopyroxene, plagioclase and rhönite crystals. Experimentally rehomogenised and naturally quenched, glassy inclusions have alkali-basalt compositions (with SiO2 content as low as 42 wt%, MgO>6 wt%, Na2O+K2O>5 wt%, Cl~1,000–3,000 ppm and S~400–2,000 ppm), which are consistent with those expected for the parental magmas of the Chaîne des Puys magmatic suites. Their trace-element signature is characterized by high concentration(s) of LILE and high LREE/HREE ratios, implying an enriched source likely to have incorporated small amounts of recycled sediments. In olivine porphyroclasts of the spinel peridotite nodules, silicate melt inclusions are secondary in nature and form trails along fracture planes. They are generally associated with secondary CO2 fluid inclusions containing coexisting vapour and liquid phases in the same trail. This observation and the existence of multiphase inclusions consisting of silicate glass and CO2-rich fluid suggest the former existence of a CO2-rich silicate melt phase. Unheated glass inclusions have silicic major-element compositions, with normative nepheline and olivine components, ~58 wt% SiO2, ~9 wt% total alkali oxides, <3 wt% FeO and MgO. They also have high chlorine levels (>3,000 ppm) but their sulphur concentrations are low (<200 ppm). Comparison with experimental isobaric trends for peridotite indicates that they represent high-pressure (~1.0 GPa) trapped aliquots of near-solidus partial melts of spinel peridotite. Following this hypothesis, their silica-rich compositions would reflect the effect of alkali oxides on the silica activity coefficient of the melt during the melting process. Indeed, the silica activity coefficient decreases with addition of alkalis around 1.0 GPa. For mantle melts coexisting with an olivine-orthopyroxene-bearing mineral assemblage buffering SiO2 activity, this decrease is therefore compensated by an increase in the SiO2 content of the melt. Because of their high viscosity and the low permeability of their matrix, these near-solidus peridotite melts show limited ability to segregate and migrate, which can explain the absence of a chemical relationship between the olivine-hosted melt inclusions in the nodules and in basaltic scoria. 相似文献
10.
Some important climatic features of the Mediterranean Sea stand out from an analysis of the systematic discrepancies between direct measurements of longwave radiation budget and predictions obtained by the most widely used bulk formulae. In particular, under clear-sky conditions the results show that the surface values of both air temperature and humidity over the Mediterranean Sea are larger than those expected over an open ocean with the same amount of net longwave radiation. Furthermore, the twofold climatic regime of the Mediterranean region strongly affects the downwelling clear-sky radiation. This study suggests that a single bulk formula with constant numerical coefficients is unable to reproduce the fluxes at the surface for all the seasons. 相似文献