Differentiated payments for environmental services schemes: Amethodology proposal     

Carlos R.AGUILAR-GóMEZ  Sergio FRANCO-MAASS  Tizbe T.ARTEAGA-REYES 《山地科学学报》2018,15(8):1693-1710

Payment schemes for environmental services face serious budget constraints in Mexico. Payments are equally distributed among forest owners, and the governmental agencies that make payments to beneficiaries do not evaluate the amount of environmental services produced by forested areas. This lack of evaluation could lead to economic and environmental deficiencies that restrict the possible benefits of such programmes. In general, these programmes do not achieve their conservation objectives, and local beneficiaries are not involved in the design or application of these programmes. Similarly, the Payments for Hydrological Environmental Services (PHES) programme of the State of Mexico, Mexico, makes equal payments to beneficiaries of forested areas considering tree density. The objective of the present work was to create a methodology for determining differentiated payments schemes for hydrological environmental services, prioritising areas that contribute the most to groundwater recharge and promote the participation of society. In the Nevado de Toluca Natural Protected Area, the environmental criteria of forest type, tree density and aquifer overexploitation as well as social participation were considered in a multi-criteria analysis implemented in a Geographic Information System. A methodology was developed to determine differentiated payments based on specific forest characteristics that influence the potential capacity of forests to recharge groundwater reserves in addition to the level of social participation. In particular, social participation is key as it could ensure the viability of PHES programmes as conservation alternatives in forested areas with high groundwater recharge potential.  相似文献   

卡里马塔海峡水体交换的季节变化   总被引：2，自引：0，他引：2  

王研  徐腾飞  李淑江  Susanto R. Dwi  Agustiadi Teguh  Trenggono Mukti  谭伟  魏泽勋 《海洋学报(英文版)》2019,38(4):47-57

Four trawl-resistant bottom mounts, with acoustic Doppler current profilers(ADCPs) embedded, were deployed in the Karimata Strait from November 2008 to June 2015 as part of the South China Sea-Indonesian Seas Transport/Exchange and Impact on Seasonal Fish Migration(SITE) Program, to estimate the volume and property transport between the South China Sea and Indonesian seas via the strait. The observed current data reveal that the volume transport through the Karimata Strait exhibits significant seasonal variation. The winteraveraged(from December to February) transport is –1.99 Sv(1 Sv=1×10~6 m~3/s), while in the boreal summer(from June to August), the average transport is 0.69 Sv. Moreover, the average transport from January 2009 to December2014 is –0.74 Sv(the positive/negative value indicates northward/southward transport). May and September are the transition period. In May, the currents in the Karimata Strait turn northward, consistent with the local monsoon. In September, the southeasterly trade wind is still present over the strait, driving surface water northward, whereas the bottom flow reverses direction, possibly because of the pressure gradient across the strait from north to south.  相似文献   

利用背景噪声校正海底地震仪钟差     

P.Gouédard  T.Seher  J.J.McGuire  J.A.Collins  R.D.van der Hilst  雷晨 《世界地震译丛》2018,(5)

地震记录中时间的精确性对于现代处理技术至关重要。然而,对于由无法直接通信的仪器组成的台阵来说,仪器之间的时钟同步是很困难的。通过全球定位系统(GPS)进行时间同步是陆上的一个选择,但不能用于水下测量,因为电磁信号在水中不能有效传播。如果时钟漂移是线性的,那么可以通过部署前后的全球定位系统同步来估计海底地震仪的时间校正。但对于很多应用来说,这还不够,因为在长时间的实验中,这种漂移的非线性部分可以达到数十到数百毫秒。我们提出两种技术方法来提取同步记录的海底仪器在部署完成之后的时间记录差异。这两种技术都是基于对地震背景噪声的互相关分析,即使时钟漂移是非线性的,也都是有效的。第一种称为时间对称性分析(TSA),易于应用但需要合适的解释,以使噪声互相关函数在时间上是对称的;第二种基于重复地震分析方法,没有这种限制。本文分别讨论了两种方法的优缺点。通过在两组海底地震仪数据集的实际应用,表明两种方法都可以将仪器时钟同步误差控制到约5ms以下(主周期的百分之几)。  相似文献   

综合地震和地质数据获得的坎特伯雷地震序列的震级—频度分布模型     

M.W.Stirling  F.R.Zuniga  杨国栋  张苏平 《世界地震译丛》2018,(6)

我们综合地质和地震数据获得了坎特伯雷地震序列的震级—频度分布模型。在确定分布曲线时,借机用新的数据解决了文献中的一个长期争议:对于断层或断裂带的地震活动性,究竟是古登堡—里克特关系还是特征地震模型描述得更好。结果表明,对于坎特伯雷地震序列的整个复合断裂带而言,若综合考虑古登堡—里克特曲线(拟合仪器目录数据)误差和格林代尔断层上大(主)震根据古地震推断的复发周期界限,震级—频度分布可用古登堡—里克特关系很好地描述。相反,对于格林代尔断层的较小区域,震级—频度分布用特征地震模型描述得更好。不同的就是尺度,因为坎特伯雷地震序列所代表的复合断裂带表现为古登堡—里克特分布,而该断裂带内的单个断层表现为特征地震分布。因此,地震风险模拟中震级—频度分布的确定必须考虑尺度因素,而不能简单地认为一条震级—频度分布曲线适用于所有断层情形。  相似文献   

Morphological and molecular evidence supports the first occurrence of two fishes,Siganus sutor(Valenciennes, 1835)and Seriolina nigrofasciata(Rüppell, 1829)(Actinopterygii:Perciformes), from marine waters of Odisha coast,Bay of Bengal,India     

Barik Tapan K.  Swain Surya N.  Sahu Bijayalaxmi  Tripathy Bibarani  Acharya Usha R. 《海洋学报(英文版)》2020,39(6):26-35

Marine ecosystems provide a wide variety of diverse habitats that frequently promote migration and ecological adaptation. The extent to which the geographic distribution of marine organism has reshaped by human activities remains underappreciated. The limitations intrinsic to morphology-based identification systems have engendered an urgent need for reliable genetic methods that enable the unequivocal recognition of fish species,particularly those that are prone to overexploitation and/or market substitution. In the present study, however, an attempt has been taken to identify two locally adapted fish species, Siganus sutor(Valenciennes, 1835) and Seriolina nigrofasciata(Rüppell, 1829) of order Perciformes, which happens to be the first record in Odisha coast,Bay of Bengal. The diagnostic characteristics of Siganus sutor are: dorsal fin XIII-10, anal fin VII-9, pectoral fin 15,pelvic fin II-3, while that of Seriolina nigrofasciata dorsal fin VI-I-35, anal fin I-17, pectoral fin 16, pelvic fin 5. All COI barcodes generated in this study were matched with reference sequences of expected species, according to morphological identification. Bayesian and likelihood phylogenetic trees were drawn based on DNA barcodes and all the specimens clustered in agreement with their taxonomic classification at the species level. The phylogeographic studies based on haplotype network and migration rates suggest that both the species were not panmitic and the high-frequency population distribution indicates successful migration. The result of this study provides an important validation of the use of DNA barcode sequences for monitoring species diversity and changes within a complex marine ecosystem.  相似文献   

Mineralogical and Fluid Characteristics of the Fluorite-rich Monakoff and E1 Cu-Au Deposits, Cloncurry Region, Queensland, Australia: Implications for Regional F-Ba-rich IOCG Mineralization     

David A. HOLWELL  Megan R. WILLIAMS  Richard M. LILLY  Iain MCDONALD 《《地质学报》英文版》2014,88(Z2):350-351

Please?refer?to?the?attachment(s)?for?more?details.  相似文献   

Timing of Proterozoic magmatism in the Sunsas belt,Bolivian Precambrian Shield,SW Amazonian Craton     

Ingrid M.Nedel  Reinhardt A.Fuck  Amarildo S.Ruiz  Gerardo R.Matos-Salinas  Alanielson da C.D.Ferreira 《地学前缘(英文版)》2021,12(6):277-293

We present new U-Pb zircon and monazite ages from the Sunsas belt granitic magmatism in Bolivia,SW Amazonian Craton.The geochronological results revealed four major magmatic events recorded along the Sunsas belt domains.The older igneous event formed a granitic basement coeval to the Rio Apa Terrane(1.95-1.85 Ga)in the southern domain.The second magmatic episode is represented by 1.68 Ga granites associated to the Paraguá Terrane(1.69-1.66 Ga)in the northern domain.The 1.37-1.34 Ga granites related to San Ignacio orogeny represent the third and more pervasive magmatic event,recorded throughout the Sunsas belt.Moreover,magmatic ages of～1.42 Ga revealed that the granitogenesis asso-ciated to the Santa Helena orogeny also affected the Sunsas belt,indicating that it was not restricted to the Jauru Terrane.Lastly,the 1.10-1.04 Ga youngest magmatism was developed during the Sunsas oro-geny and represents the final magmatic evolution related to Rodinia assembly.Likewise,the 1.95-1.85 and 1.68 Ga inherited zircon cores obtained in the～1.3 Ga and 1.0 Ga granite samples suggest strong par-tial melting of the Paleoproterozoic sources.The 1079±14 Ma and 1018±6 Ma monazite crystallization ages can be correlated to the collisional tectono-thermal event of the Sunsas orogeny,associated to reac-tions of medium-to high-grade metamorphism.Thus,the Sunsas belt was built by heterogeneous 1.95-1.85 Ga and 1.68 Ga crustal fragments that were reworked at 1.37-1.34 Ga and 1.10-1.04 Ga related to orogenic collages.Furthermore,the 1.01 Ga monazite age suggests that granites previously dated by zir-con can bear evidence of a younger thermal history.Therefore,the geochronological evolution of the Sunsas belt may have been more complex than previously thought.  相似文献   

2009年萨摩亚—汤加特大地震触发的两次大震     

T.Lay  C.J.Ammon  H.Kanamori  L.Rivera  K.D.Koper  A.R.Hutko  李晶 《世界地震译丛》2011,(3)

特大地震(≥8.0级的地震)一般都含有构造板块之间边界岩体的突然滑动。这种板间的破裂通常出现在俯冲带特大逆冲事件的海沟斜坡区,会产生动态及静态应力变化,从而激活周边的板内余震(Christensen and Ruff,1988;Dmowskaetal,1988;Layetal,1989;Ammonetal,2008)。本文研究的地震序列展示一少见的例子———特大海沟斜坡的一次板内地震触发了广泛的板间断层活动,颠倒了典型的活动模式,从而广泛地扩大了地震和海啸灾害。2009年9月29日,在汤加俯冲带北端的外海沟斜坡发生矩震级8.1的正断层地震事件,该震开始破裂后的2分钟内,发生了总地震矩等于矩震级8.0级的第二个特大地震,它由两次(矩震级均为7.8级)板间下插逆冲大地震组成,导致了周边俯冲带巨型逆断层的破裂。联合的断层作用引发了海啸,局部地区抬升约12m,导致萨摩亚、美属萨摩亚和汤加192人死亡。地震信号的重叠掩盖了这样的事实:相隔约50km的性质不同的断层发生了不同几何形状的破裂,这些被触发的逆冲断层滑动只有通过详细的地震波分析才能揭示出来。在汤加北部俯冲带的大部分区域内,激活了广泛的板间和板内余震活动。  相似文献   

余震密度随距离的衰减不代表动态应力触发过程     

K.R.-Dinger  R.S.Stein  S.Toda  魏志恒  冯蔚 《世界地震译丛》2011,(3)

分辨多数余震和后续主震是由静态应力触发(Stein,1999;Todaetal,2005;Parsons,2002)还是动态应力触发(Hilletal,1993;kilb,2003;Brodsky and Prejean,2005;Gomberg and Johnson,2005;Hill and Prejean,2007),对理解地震内在作用和预测地震危险性是有必要的(Freed,2005)。Felzer和Brodsky(2006)分析了2≤M<3和3≤M<4级主震后5min内余震的空间分布情况,发现距主震50km范围内M≥2余震具有特定的幂律衰减关系,且衰减曲线的斜率为-1.35。据此,他们认为余震随距离的衰减只能用动态触发来解释。基于上述假设我们进行了一系列的检验,但没有一个可通过检验,进而,本文中对这种衰减关系提出了另外一种解释。在距离2≤M<3主震300m以外的地方,主震前5min内的地震活动性衰减与主震后5min内的衰减没有显著的区别,表明主震对它静态触发区域以外的地方没有影响。表征余震基本特性的大森随时间衰减关系在距离主震10km以外的地方是不存在的。最后,发现在主震波前未到达之前的余震中发现了...  相似文献   

加州帕克菲尔德地区M4—5地震对重复事件地震周期的触发效应     

K. H. Chen  R. Burgmann  R. M. Nadeau  袁志祥译  吕春来校  许忠淮复校 《世界地震译丛》2011,(5):1-12

应力扰动影响地震的复发,并对了解地震周期和地震危险性具有重要的作用。加州帕克菲尔德圣安德烈斯断层上的大量重复地震为检查重复事件对中强地震发生的反应提供了难得的机会。使用高分辨率地震台网目录获得的187个M-0．4～1．7级地震重复序列,我们发现重复事件序列的复发时间到接近M4—5地震时缩短了,说明是由大地震触发的。该触发效应在5km左右的距离内最明显,相应的静态同震应力变化为0．6～26．6kPa,并随距离衰减。我们还发现从1993至1998年复发间隔相应地缩短了。这种几年经久不衰复发加速反映了1990年代初断层滑动加速并提高了加载速率。  相似文献