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The interaction between a gaining stream and a water-table aquifer is studied at an outwash plain. The aquifer is hydraulically well connected to the stream. Pumping tests were carried out in 1997 and 1998 in two wells 60 m from the stream, screening different depths of the aquifer. Drawdown was measured on both sides of the stream. Hydraulic head, drawdown, and stream depletion data were analyzed using numerical flow models. Similar models were fitted to each of two different data sets: Model A was fitted to steady-state hydraulic head and streamflow gain data not influenced by pumping; and model B was fitted to drawdown data measured during the 1998 pumping test. Each calibrated model closely fits its calibration data; however, predictions were biased if model A was used to predict the calibration data of model B, and vice versa. To further test the models, they were used to predict streamflow depletion during the two pumping tests as well as the drawdown during the 1997 test. Neither of these data were used for calibration. Model A predicted the measured depletions fairly accurately during both tests, whereas the predicted drawdowns in 1997 were significantly larger than actually measured. Contrary to this, the 1997 drawdowns predicted by model B were nearly unbiased; the predicted depletions deviate significantly from the measured depletions in 1997, but they compare well with the observations in 1998. Thus, although field work and analyses were extensive and done carefully to develop a ground water flow model that could predict both drawdown and streamflow depletion, the model predictions are biased. Analyses indicate that the deviations between model and data may be because of error in the models' representations of either the release of water from storage or of the hydrology in the riparian zone. 相似文献
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There are few studies on the hydrogeology of sedimentary rock aquitards although they are important controls in regional ground water flow systems. We formulate and test a three-dimensional (3D) conceptual model of ground water flow and hydrochemistry in a fractured sedimentary rock aquitard to show that flow dynamics within the aquitard are more complex than previously believed. Similar conceptual models, based on regional observations and recently emerging principles of mechanical stratigraphy in heterogeneous sedimentary rocks, have previously been applied only to aquifers, but we show that they are potentially applicable to aquitards. The major elements of this conceptual model, which is based on detailed information from two sites in the Maquoketa Formation in southeastern Wisconsin, include orders of magnitude contrast between hydraulic diffusivity (K/S(s)) of fractured zones and relatively intact aquitard rock matrix, laterally extensive bedding-plane fracture zones extending over distances of over 10 km, very low vertical hydraulic conductivity of thick shale-rich intervals of the aquitard, and a vertical hydraulic head profile controlled by a lateral boundary at the aquitard subcrop, where numerous surface water bodies dominate the shallow aquifer system. Results from a 3D numerical flow model based on this conceptual model are consistent with field observations, which did not fit the typical conceptual model of strictly vertical flow through an aquitard. The 3D flow through an aquitard has implications for predicting ground water flow and for planning and protecting water supplies. 相似文献
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基于综合评价法、变异系数法、耦合协调度模型、障碍度模型等方法,从要素层面开展1995—2020年浙江山区26县城乡融合水平评价及差异化路径研究。研究表明：(1)山区26县城乡融合发展综合水平稳定增长,且呈组团状分布格局。(2)山区26县各要素间协调互动作用逐步增强,耦合协调度以2008年和2018年两个时间点为分水岭,实现由濒临失调到勉强协调,再到初级协调的阶段式跨越;创新型要素内部、创新型要素与其他要素尚未形成良好的互馈效应。(3)城乡居民收入水平差距较大、技术要素辐射范围和深度不够、对区域城乡融合高质量发展带动作用不足是制约山区26县城乡融合发展的主要障碍因素。未来,可从强化要素流动与组合、促进产业转型升级、突破城乡融合发展障碍因素、加强区域密联4个方面探索县域城乡融合差异化路径,以实现城乡融合高质量发展。 相似文献
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The Hengshan complex forms part of the central zone of the North China Craton and consists predominantly of ductilely-deformed late Archaean to Palaeoproterozoic high-grade, partly migmatitic, granitoid orthogneisses, intruded by mafic dykes of gabbroic composition. Many highly strained rocks were previously misinterpreted as supracrustal sequences and represent mylonitized granitoids and sheared dykes. Our single zircon dating documents magmatic granitoid emplacement ages between 2.52 Ga and 2.48 Ga, with rare occurrences of 2.7 Ga gneisses, possibly reflecting an older basement. A few granitic gneisses have emplacement ages between 2.35 and 2.1 Ga and show the same structural features as the older rocks, indicating that the main deformation occurred after -2.1 Ga. Intrusion of gabbroic dykes occurred at -1920 Ma, and all Hengshan rocks underwent granulite-facies metamorphism at 1.88-1.85 Ga, followed by retrogression, sheafing and uplift. We interpret the Hengshan and adjacent Fuping granitoid gneisses as the lower, plutonic, part of a late Archaean to early Palaeoproterozoic Japan-type magmatic arc, with the upper, volcanic part represented by the nearby Wutai complex. Components of this arc may have evolved at a continental margin as indicated by the 2.7 Ga zircons. Major deformation and HP metamorphism occurred in the late Palaeoproterozoic during the Luliang orogeny when the Eastern and Western blocks of the North China Craton collided to form the Trans-North China orogen. Shear zones in the Hengshan are interpreted as major lower crustal discontinuities post-dating the peak of HP metamorphism, and we suggest that they formed during orogenic collapse and uplift of the Hengshan complex in the late Palaeoproterozoic （〈1.85 Ga）. 相似文献
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班公湖——怒江结合带西段沙木罗组底砾岩的新发现及地质意义 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
沿班公湖—怒江结合带中西段出露的上侏罗统—下白垩统沙木罗组,创名于革吉县盐湖区南部的沙木罗,定义为一套较稳定环境下形成的晚侏罗统—早白垩世滨浅海相沉积。之后众多学者在结合带不同地区分解出"木嘎岗日群"和"沙木罗组",但二者地层序列划分一直沿革岩性组合差异或粒序变化特征,未获得角度不整合接触的确凿证据。作者于改则地区沙木罗组底部首次发现底砾岩及下伏木嘎岗日群顶部粘土质风化壳,并据此确定该区沙木罗组与下伏木嘎岗日群为角度不整合接触关系。该底砾岩的发现对研究新特提斯洋构造演化、古地理环境、沙木罗组地层地质时代下限及沉积相具有重要地质意义。 相似文献
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