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1.
Artur Chahud Gisele Ferreira Figueiredo Gabriela Sartori Mingatos Mercedes Okumura 《第四纪科学杂志》2021,36(7):1268-1278
The Lapa do Santo archaeological site, located in the Lagoa Santa region, Brazil, represents an important hunter-gatherer occupation dated from the Early and Middle Holocene. Prior studies of archaeofauna dating to this period are few and most of them only provide basic faunal identification with limited information on taphonomic processes. The main goal of this study is to identify the archaeofauna, record the taphonomic processes, and make inferences about its natural (interpreted as the death of the animal in the rockshelter area due to natural causes or due to predation) or anthropic origins. No extinct species (including megamastofauna) were identified. Taxonomic analysis indicated that most faunal remains consist of taxa that may be of mixed origin (natural or anthropic), such as microvertebrates and carnivorous mammals. The Cervidae are the main vertebrate family found in the studied material and these are likely the result of hunting. The Cervidae Ozotoceros support the presence of a fauna that is typical of savannah environments, although the assemblage contains mostly generalist fauna that can thrive in a variety of environments. Very few remains showed clear evidence for taphonomic processes related to human interaction, such as burnt bones. 相似文献
2.
We have elucidated the seasonal and spatial variation in the potential denitrifying activity in estuarine and coastal lagoonal
sediments in Lakes Shinji and Nakaumi, Japan. The denitrifying activity increased from summer through autumn and was positively
correlated with the temperature of the overlying water at all sites except one, where the bottom was always more reductive
than at the other sites and there was no NO3
− as a substrate for denitrification from spring to autumn. Moreover, the relationship between the denitrifying activity and
the distance from the sea showed different trends in estuarine and lagoonal sediments. These spatial differences indicate
that different factors regulate the denitrification in estuarine and lagoonal sediments. Denitrifying activity in estuarine
sediment was regulated by the discharge of freshwater containing NO3
− or organic matter, while in the lagoonal sediments the occurrence of nitrification via the intrusion of oxic seawater into
the reductive sediment appears to be a key requirement for the process of denitrification. Therefore, the denitrifying activity
in the lagoonal sediment appears to be greater near the sea. Water intrusion is one of the key factors controlling denitrification
in coastal marine ecosystems by affecting the supply of substrate available for denitrification. 相似文献
3.
Strong motion uncertainty determined from observed records by dense network in Japan 总被引：2，自引：1，他引：1
Nobuyuki Morikawa Tatsuo Kanno Akira Narita Hiroyuki Fujiwara Toshihiko Okumura Yoshimitsu Fukushima Aybars Guerpinar 《Journal of Seismology》2008,12(4):529-546
The variation of ground motions at specific stations from events in six narrow areas was inspected by using K-NET and KiK-net
records. A source-area factor for individual observation stations was calculated by averaging ratios between observed values
for horizontal peak acceleration and velocity, as well as acceleration response spectra for 5% damping, and predicted values
using a ground-motion model (usually known as an attenuation relation) by Kanno et al. (Bull Seismol Soc Am, 96:879–897, 2006). Standard deviations between observed and predicted amplitudes after the correction factor are less than 0.2 on the logarithmic
scale and decrease down to around 0.15 in the short-period range. Intra-event standard deviation clearly increases with decreasing
distance due to differing paths around near source area. Standard deviations may increase with amplitude or decrease with
magnitude; however, both amplitude and magnitude of the data are strongly correlated with distance. The standard deviation
calculated in this study is obviously much smaller than that of the original ground-motion model, as epistemic uncertainties
are minimized by grouping ground motions at specific stations. This result indicates that the accuracy of strong ground motion
prediction could be improved if ground-motion models for specified region are determined individually. For this to be possible,
it is necessary to have dense strong-motion networks in high-seismicity regions, such as K-NET and KiK-net. 相似文献
4.
5.
N. Iwagami S. Ohtsuki K. Tokuda N. Ohira T. Imamura H. Sagawa G.L. Hashimoto M. Ueno S. Okumura 《Planetary and Space Science》2008,56(10):1424-1434
The abundance of hydrogen chloride (HCl) in the Venus atmosphere was measured by ground-based IR spectroscopy. The dayside measurements were performed in May 2007 with a resolution of 40,000, and the nightside measurements in October 1999 with a resolution of 1000. The hemispheric distributions of the HCl mixing ratio measured above the Venus’ clouds show no significant structure with a disc-averaged value of 0.74±0.06 ppm which is in the similar range as the previous report of 0.6±0.2 ppm. The representative height for the dayside measurements is estimated to be 60-66 km. Recent results by Venus Express/SPICAV/SOIR show much smaller values of 0.1-0.2 ppm at 64-94 km; however the direct comparison is difficult due to the different spatial conditions. The hemispheric distributions of the 35Cl/37Cl isotope ratio are also found to show no significant structure with a disc-averaged value of 3.1±0.4 which coincides with the terrestrial value of 3.1. The HCl mixing ratios below the clouds are also found to show no significant structure with a disc-averaged value of 0.40±0.05 ppm, which is similar to the previous reports of 0.4-0.5 ppm. The larger HCl mixing ratio above the clouds than below suggests the production of HCl in the cloud region or above. Also, a uniform hemispherical distribution of H2O is found below the clouds with a disc-averaged mixing ratio of 25±5 ppm; this is in the same range as the previous measurements. Those uniform distributions of HCl and H2O support the fact that their chemical lifetimes are much longer than that of mixing as has been discussed so far. 相似文献
6.
C. Bongardo P. M. Andreani K. Okumura B. Horeau A. Claret G. De Zotti R. Giannitrapani F. Longo 《Experimental Astronomy》2008,22(1-2):109-128
The effects of the in-flight behaviour of the bolometer arrays of the Herschel/Photo-conductor Array Camera and Spectrometer (PACS) instrument under impacts of Galactic cosmic rays are explored. This instrument is part of the ESA-Herschel payload, which will be launched at the end of 2008 and will operate at the Lagrangian L2 point of the Sun-Earth system. We find that the components external to the detectors (the spacecraft, the cryostat, the PACS box, collectively referred to as the ‘shield’) are the major source of secondary events affecting the detector behaviour. The impacts deposit energy on the bolometer chips and influence the behaviour of nearby pixels. 25% of hits affect the adjacent pixels. The energy deposited raises the bolometer temperature by a factor ranging from 1 to 6 percent of the nominal value. We discuss the effects on the observations and compare simulations with laboratory tests. 相似文献
7.
An assessment and interpretation of the observed warming of West Antarctica in the austral spring 总被引：1，自引：1，他引：0
We synthesize variability and trends in multiple analyses of Antarctic near-surface temperature representing several independent source datasets and spatially complete reconstructions, and place these into the broader context of the behavior of other components of the climate system during the past 30–50?years. Along with an annual-mean trend during the past 50?years of about 0.1°C/decade averaged over Antarctica, there is a distinct seasonality to the trends, with insignificant change (and even some cooling) in austral summer and autumn in East Antarctica, contrasting with warming in austral winter and spring. Apart from the Peninsula, the seasonal warming is largest and most significant in West Antarctica in the austral spring since the late 1970s. Concurrent trends in sea ice are independent evidence of the observed warming over West Antarctic, with the decrease in sea ice area in the Amundsen and Bellingshausen Seas congruent with at least 50% of the inland warming of West Antarctica. Trends in near surface winds and geopotential heights over the high-latitude South Pacific are consistent with a role for atmospheric forcing of the sea ice and air temperature anomalies. Most of the circulation trend projects onto the two Pacific South American (PSA) modes of atmospheric circulation variability, while the Southern Annular Mode lacks a positive trend in spring that would otherwise cause a cooling tendency. The largest circulation trend is associated with the PSA-1 mode, a wave-train extending from the tropics to the high Southern latitudes. The PSA-1 mode is significantly correlated with SSTs in the southwestern tropical and subtropical Pacific. The increased SSTs in this region, together with the observed increase in rainfall, suggest that anomalous deep convection has strengthened or increased the occurrence of the Rossby wave-train associated with PSA-1. This hypothesis is supported by results from two ensembles of SST-forced atmospheric general circulation model simulations. Finally, the implications of the seasonality, timing, and spatial patterns of Antarctic temperature trends with respect to interpreting the relative roles of stratospheric ozone depletion, SSTs and increased atmospheric concentrations of greenhouse gasses are discussed. 相似文献
8.
J. A. D. L. Blommaert L. Metcalfe B. Altieri A. Biviano K. Okumura R. Siebenmorgen S. Guest S. Ott 《Experimental Astronomy》2000,10(2-3):241-254
An overview is given of the absolute flux calibration of the ISOCAMdetectors. The flux calibration is based on observations of standard stars selected from the Ground Based Preparatory Programme, for which Kurucz stellar models are available. No dependencies of the responsivity on different configurations of thecamera were found. No trend of changing responsivity is found throughout the mission for the SW and LW detectors. There exists a decreasing responsivity of about 5% for LW during the orbit. 相似文献
9.
Abstract Several linear magnetic anomalies over continental crust have been identified in and around the Japanese Islands. The anomalies are probably related to island arc tectonic structures, but identifying specific sources has been difficult. Several deep holes were drilled in and around Aso caldera, where a linear anomaly occurs along an active fault. One drillhole located on the linear anomaly encountered a zone of highly magnetized and altered basement rocks at least 100 m thick at a depth of ∼1000 m. The other hole was located away from the anomaly and did not encounter any high-magnetic zones. Rocks from the zone have exceptionally strong remanent magnetization (several tens of A/m) sub-parallel to the present field. AF demagnetization experiments indicated that the magnetization is hard and stable. Magnetic modeling indicates that the linear anomaly is caused mainly by this layer. Microscopic examination of core samples shows that the highly magnetized zone includes secondary magnetic minerals and abundant hydrothermal alterations. Temperatures determined by fluid inclusions and down-hole temperatures show that the temperature of the highly magnetized zone was elevated in the past relative to surrounding rocks. The high temperature could destroy primary magnetic minerals and replace them with secondary magnetic minerals. Thus, the past hydrothermal system may have enhanced thermo-chemical remanent magnetization. The results can produce a model indicating that there was a past hydrothermal system related to the tectonic structure. 相似文献
10.
K. Sakaguchi J. Tomono K. Okumura Y. Ogawa K. Matsuki 《Rock Mechanics and Rock Engineering》2008,41(2):325-341
Summary A tensile fracture of about 1 m in length was created by indenting wedges in a block of granite, and the heights of the two
fracture surfaces were measured using a large, non-contact surface profile measurement system with a laser profilometer to
determine the aperture distribution of the fracture. Based on the measured data, the frequency characteristics of the asperity
heights, the initial aperture (the aperture when the surfaces are in contact at a single point), and the size effect on the
statistical properties were analyzed. The results can be summarized as follows:
Authors’ address: Dr. Kiyotoshi Sakaguchi, Graduate School of Environmental Studies, Tohoku University, 6-6-20 Aramaki-Aza-Aoba,
Aoba-ku, Sendai 980-8579, Japan 相似文献
| 1. | The relation between the power spectral density of the fracture surface and the spatial frequency shows linearity on a log–log plot and thus the fracture surfaces can be assumed to be fractal object. On the other hand, the power spectral of the initial aperture becomes almost constant for wavelengths greater than about 100 mm. Thus, the matedness between the two surfaces of a fracture of 1 m monotonously increases with wavelength. |
| 2. | The standard deviation of the initial aperture increases with fracture size until the fracture size is about 200 mm, beyond which the standard deviation is almost independent of the fracture size. On the other hand, the mean initial aperture still increases when the fracture size exceeds 200 mm, since the initial aperture depends on the minimum value of the aperture, which decreases with the number of data points. |