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1.
Since the Paris Agreement was adopted in 2015, both national and subnational governments have been encouraged to submit Mid-Century Strategies, outlining how they would reach their deep decarbonization goals. However, research on the design and potential of these strategies has been very limited. To address this shortcoming, here we assess 13 such strategies – six national, seven subnational – in a comparative fashion. We find that the energy-economy-climate models underpinning these strategies are generally of high quality, though national jurisdictions generally performed better. However, most strategies are not plausible without significant changes to policy, and the industrial sector in particular presents a major limitation. The strategies are helpful in revealing this gap, but much works remains to be done for plausible mid-century decarbonization trajectories to become a reality. We also find that public input and societal participation in strategy building were a double-edged sword depending on the constellation of domestic preferences.
Governmental Mid-Century Strategies for deep decarbonization are underpinned by high-quality energy-economy-climate models
Governments’ proposed strategies require significant new policies, as even among jurisdictions that have an MCS, extant policies are insufficient to achieve deep decarbonization
No jurisdiction studied has yet put forward a plausible decarbonization policy for the industrial sector.
Public input and societal participation can be a double-edged sword: they can increase durability of the strategy but also enable opposing forces to mobilize against ambitious changes.
2.
P. V. Hareesh Kumar A. Raghunadha Rao K. Anilkumar M. Padmanabham K. G. Radhakrishnan 《Natural Hazards》2011,57(3):643-656
Analysis of the time series data collected from a stationary location in the continental shelf of the southeastern Arabian
Sea during different month indicated prominent internal wave (IW) activity. Time evolution of temperature, resolved using
Morlet wavelet technique, revealed that maximum energy was concentrated in the diurnal band at the density interface, whereas
within the interior of thermocline, the dominant energy concentration shifted to semi-diurnal band. Both these harmonics have
maximum amplitude (>15 m) during the pre-monsoon and monsoon season when the water column was highly stratified (>0.05 kg/m4), but they were not discernable in the temperature record when the stratification was weak (i.e., especially during winter).
An acoustic propagation model based on ray theory, Bellhop (http:/oalib.hlsresearch.com/modes/acoustictoolbox/at.zip) was
utilized to compute the transmission loss (TL) associated with the passage of low-frequency IWs. The TL was computed using
the model considering (1) range-dependent and range-independent environmental scenario and (2) for different source and receiver
depth configurations. Intermittent fading of acoustic signals was observed in the presence of IW. It was also observed that
fading of signals very much depends on the source–receiver configuration. 相似文献
3.
Pennellid copepod Peniculus fistula fistula(Nordmann, 1832)(Synonym: Peniculus fistula Nordmann, 1832,Aphia ID: 745880), a worldwide distributed species, has been recovered from at least 19 teleost families. The present paper reports for the first time from the Malabar coast(South India), not only the existence of a new host family, Clupeidae, hosting this parasitic copepod species(P. fistula fistula) but also their season dependent hosting. A total of 123 marine fish species, belonging to 77 genera and 38 families surveyed along the Malabar coast, only the clupeid, Anadontostoma chacunda(Hamilton, 1822) was shown to be infected by this copepod species; all the recovered(copepod) parasites were invariably found attached at the mid portion of the caudal fin lobes and lying parallel to the host body, indicating the strict site-specific parasitisation. There is a discrete seasonality in the prevalence(P0.05) as the sign of infection was noticed during the period from September to May with relatively high prevalence during winter months(November–January). During the monsoon months(June–August), the host fish was found completely free from Peniculus infection. Interestingly, all the 229 recovered specimens(P. fistula fistula) were gravid females having paired uniserrate egg sacs with the length more than its own body length. 相似文献
4.
Buildings and other human-made constructions have been accepted as an indicator of human habitation and are identified as built-up area. Identification of built-up area in a region and its subsequent measurement is a key step in many fields of studies like urban planning, environmental studies, and population demography. Remote sensing techniques utilising medium resolution images (e.g. LISS III, Landsat) are extensively used for the extraction of the built-up area as high-resolution images are expensive, and its processing is difficult. Extraction of built land use from medium resolution images poses a challenge in regions like Western-Ghats, North-East regions of India, and countries in tropical region, due to the thick evergreen tree cover. The spectral signature of individual houses with a small footprint are easily overpowered by the overlapping tree canopy in a medium resolution image when the buildings are not clustered. Kerala is a typical case for this scenario. The research presented here proposes a stochastic-dasymetric process to aid in the built-up area recognition process by taking Kerala as a case study. The method utilises a set of ancillary information to derive a probability surface. The ancillary information used here includes distance from road junctions, distance from road network, population density, built-up space visible in the LISS III image, the population of the region, and the household size. The methodology employs logistic regression and Monte Carlo simulation in two sub processes. The algorithm estimates the built-up area expected in the region and distributes the estimated built-up area among pixels according to the probability estimated from the ancillary information. The output of the algorithm has two components. The first component is an example scenario of the built-up area distribution. The second component is a probability surface, where the value of each pixel denotes the probability of that pixel to have a significant built-up area within it. The algorithm is validated for regions in Kerala and found to be significant. The model correctly predicted the built-up pixel count count over a validation grid of 900 m in 95.2% of the cases. The algorithm is implemented using Python and ArcGIS. 相似文献
5.
The contemporary technological advancements of the twenty-first century are introducing paradigm shifts in every aspect of life. The “Smart City” concept has also brought the latest emerging technologies and their applications to the urban areas. The integration of Nano-technological devices collecting and transmitting data coupled with the availability and penetration of high-speed internet will only raise this potential by providing an easy way to receive and send real-time data more swiftly. The devices could also be connected with each other via the internet under the Internet of Things (IoT), making it possible to establish the machine to machine (M2M) communication between them. This large amount of urban Big Data can also deploy machine learning assisted techniques to ensure robust and precise urban analysis for getting significant insights and desired simulations ensuring the proper deployment as well as utilization of the phenomenon of Urban Intelligence. As the cities are entitled to become “Smart” in due course of time, these Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) will play a major role in improving the efficiency and effectiveness of urban services and management. Due to their highly versatile and adaptable nature, these technologies can be linked with different components of Smart City thereby enhancing the efficiency and capability of the existing urban systems. This paper discusses the emerging concept of the Internet of Things (IoT) and other associated technologies within the context of contemporary urban scenarios through relevant case studies. It further presents crucial insights based on the influence of these technologies as well as their associated challenges while also exploring the implications of the concepts like ‘Super City’ on the cities of tomorrow.
相似文献6.
C. Panneerselvam C. Selvaraj K. Jeeva K. U. Nair C. P. Anilkumar S. Gurubaran 《Journal of Earth System Science》2007,116(3):179-186
Surface measurements of the atmospheric electrical parameters like Maxwell current, electric field and conductivity studied
at the Indian station, Maitri (70.75° S, 11.75° E, 117 m above mean sea level), Antarctica, during austral summer have been
analyzed for the years 2001 to 2004. A total of 69 days were selected which satisfied the ‘fairweather’ conditions, i.e.,
days with absence of high winds, drifting or falling snow, clouds, and fog effects. The diurnal variation curve of electric
field and vertical current averaged for 69 fairweather days is a single periodic with a minimum at 03:00 UT and a maximum
near 19:00 UT, which is very similar to the Carnegie curve. The correlation coefficient between these measured parameters
has a high value (more than 0.9) for all the days. During fairweather days the measured current and field variations are similar
and hence it is clear that the conductivity is more or less stable. During magnetically disturbed days, the dawn-dusk potential
drop has clear influences on the diurnal variation and it modifies the conductivity. Apart from the day-to-day variation in
low latitude thunderstorm activity, there are diurnal, seasonal, inter-annual variations in the electric potential and the
currents, as well as solar influences on the measured parameters. This study will help us to examine the impact of solar and
geophysical phenomena like solar flares, geomagnetic storms and substorms on the global electric circuit. 相似文献
7.
E. Shaji J.J. Gómez-Alday S. Hussein T. R. Deepu Y. Anilkumar 《Journal of the Geological Society of India》2018,92(3):337-345
Chittur block represents a mid-land region of Palakkad district, Kerala and the block differs from the rest of the blocks in its climate and availability of groundwater. About 75% of the people depend on agriculture for their livelihood. Results showed that groundwater salinity levels (up to 1,963 mg/L TDS),fluoride (up to 6.3 mg/L) and nitrate (up to 141 mg/L) contents have increased significantly in tandem with the increase in groundwater abstraction. Before human intervention the chemical weathering of gneisses and granites was the main process impinging on the chemical signature of groundwater. The initial chemical equilibrium conditions change with increasing groundwater withdrawal rates and fertilizer input, in a milieu of lower natural groundwater recharge. The appearance of higher levels of bicarbonate, linked to denitrification processes, and the decrease in calcium, due to calcite precipitation, can lead to increased content of sodium and fluoride in groundwater. In this scenario the use of groundwater resources for human consumption and agriculture represents a public health risk if water management actions do not change the trend in water use in the near future. The potential loss of fertile soil by groundwater salinization must also be considered when planning sustainable policies in a region with over dependence on groundwater resources. 相似文献
8.
P. C. Agrawal J. S. Yadav H. M. Antia Dhiraj Dedhia P. Shah Jai Verdhan Chauhan R. K. Manchanda V. R. Chitnis V. M. Gujar Tilak Katoch V. N. Kurhade P. Madhwani T. K. Manojkumar V. A. Nikam A. S. Pandya J. V. Parmar D. M. Pawar Jayashree Roy B. Paul Mayukh Pahari Ranjeev Misra M. H. Ravichandran K. Anilkumar C. C. Joseph K. H. Navalgund R. Pandiyan K. S. Sarma K. Subbarao 《Journal of Astrophysics and Astronomy》2017,38(2):30
Large area X-ray propositional counter (LAXPC) instrument on AstroSat is aimed at providing high time resolution X-ray observations in 3–80 keV energy band with moderate energy resolution. To achieve large collecting area, a cluster of three co-aligned identical LAXPC detectors, is used to realize an effective area in access of \({\sim }6000\,\hbox {cm}^{2}\) at 15 keV. The large detection volume of the LAXPC detectors, filled with xenon gas at \({\sim }\)2 atmosphere pressure, results in detection efficiency greater than 50%, above 30 keV. In this article, we present salient features of the LAXPC detectors, their testing and characterization in the laboratory prior to launch and calibration in the orbit. Some preliminary results on timing and spectral characteristics of a few X-ray binaries and other type of sources, are briefly discussed to demonstrate that the LAXPC instrument is performing as planned in the orbit. 相似文献
9.
Sabu Prabhakaran Subeesh Meethale Puthukkottu George Jenson Vilayil Anilkumar Narayana Pillai Ravichandran Muthalagu 《Ocean Dynamics》2021,71(4):391-409
Ocean Dynamics - The Seychelles-Chagos Thermocline Ridge (SCTR) is a key region which plays a major role in various regional climatic processes at all time scales. The vertical mixing at the base... 相似文献
10.
S.C. Patel S. Ravi Y. Anilkumar A. Naik S.S. Thakur J.K. Pati S.S. Nayak 《Journal of Asian Earth Sciences》2009,34(3):336-346
Mafic xenoliths of garnet pyroxenite and eclogite from the Wajrakarur, Narayanpet and Raichur kimberlite fields in the Archaean Eastern Dharwar Craton (EDC) of southern India have been studied. The composition of clinopyroxene shows transition from omphacite (3–6 wt% Na2O) in eclogites to Ca pyroxene (<3 wt% Na2O) in garnet pyroxenites. Some of the xenoliths have additional phases such as kyanite, enstatite, chromian spinel or rutile as discrete grains. Clinopyroxene in a rutile eclogite has an XMg value of 0.70, which is unusually low compared to the XMg range of 0.91–0.97 for all other samples. Garnet in the rutile eclogite is also highly iron-rich with an end member composition of Prp26.5Alm52.5Grs14.7Adr5.1TiAdr0.3Sps1.0Uv0.1. Garnets in several xenoliths are Cr-rich with up to 8 mol% knorringite component. Geothermobarometric calculations in Cr-rich xenoliths yield different P–T ranges for eclogites and garnet pyroxenites with average P–T conditions of 36 kbar and 1080 °C, and 27 kbar and 830 °C, respectively. The calculated P–T ranges approximate to a 45 mW m?2 model geotherm, which is on the higher side of the typical range of xenolith/xenocryst geotherms (35–45 mW m?2) for several Archaean cratons in the world. This indicates that the EDC was hotter than many other shield regions of the world in the mid-Proterozoic period when kimberlites intruded the craton. Textural and mineral chemical characteristics of the mafic xenoliths favour a magmatic cumulate process for their origin as opposed to subducted and metamorphosed oceanic crust. 相似文献