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The organic geochemistry of oil seeps from the Sierra de Perijá eastern foothills, Lake Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
M. Escobar G. MárquezS. Inciarte J. RojasI. Esteves G. Malandrino 《Organic Geochemistry》2011,42(7):727-738
The organic geochemistry of samples from 11 oil seeps was studied. The samples were collected from the Cachirí area, Carboniferous Region of Tulé (Lake Maracaibo Basin, Venezuela), associated with the Tigre Fault. Biomarkers (hopanes, steranes, n-alkanes, acyclic isoprenoids, and aromatic steroids) were analyzed using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). These hydrocarbon rich fluids have undergone biodegradation (2-6 on the Peters and Moldowan scale), showing both the partial loss of n-alkanes and the microbial degradation of isoprenoids and steranes. These oil seeps were generated from a mature calcareous source rock that was deposited in a marine paleoenvironment under reducing conditions. Moreover, these seeps are likely derived from the Cretaceous La Luna Formation that reached a level of maturity near the peak of oil generation in the study area. The nature of the studied oil seeps, together with the oil generation models reported for this rock unit in the study area, suggests that these oils are a mixture of an initially heavy, altered oil and a second migrated light crude oil resulting from two generation pulses from the La Luna Formation. Evidence for the presence of light oil trapped in the study area should prompt re-exploration in the northwestern coast of Lake Maracaibo in shallow reservoirs, previously discarded because they usually demonstrated a lack of light oils. 相似文献
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Elva Escobar Briones Erika Laura Estrada Santilln Pierre Legendre 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2008,55(24-26):2679
The composition, density and community structure of the benthic macrofauna were investigated in sediments of the Campeche Canyon in the SW Gulf of Mexico. Total macrofaunal density ranged from 9466±2736 ind m−2 at the continental shelf station to 1550±195 ind m−2 in the canyon. Density values significantly diminished with distance from the coast and depth; only a few stations in the center of the canyon displayed larger density values (E-37 with 4666±1530 ind m−2, E-36 with 5791±642 ind m−2 and E-26 with 6925±2258 ind m−2). Densities were positively correlated to organic nitrogen in the sediment (r=0.82) and coarse silt (r=0.43), and negatively with depth (r=−0.74) and distance from the coast (r=−0.68). At all stations, the polychaete worms contributed most to the multi-species community structure. The nematodes and Foraminifera displayed their highest densities in the center of the canyon. The biomass values declined significantly with depth. We conclude that the macrofauna density and biomass changed in response to organic matter contents in the sediment, both with distance from the coast and with depth. 相似文献
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Elva G. Escobar-Briones Adriana Gaytn-Caballero Pierre Legendre 《Deep Sea Research Part II: Topical Studies in Oceanography》2008,55(24-26):2667
The community structure of megacrustaceans (orders Lophogastrida, Isopoda, and Decapoda) collected in trawls on the continental margin, upper slope and abyssal plain of the southern Gulf of Mexico was studied to determine to what extent broad-scale variation in community composition and diversity was influenced by geographic regions environmental variability and depth. Trawls were collected in the Mexican Ridges, the Campeche Bank, and the Sigsbee abyssal plain. There was variability in species composition, density and diversity among geographic regions and along the depth gradient. A total of 106 species were identified and grouped in three orders; five infraorders, 40 families, and 70 genera. This study extends the known geographic ranges of the species Homolodromia monstrosa and Ephyrina benedicti. The largest number of species was recorded in the Mexican Ridges and on the upper continental shelf; lower values were found on the continental margin and in the abyssal plain. The largest densities were recorded on the continental margin in the Mexican Ridges. Megacrustaceans show in general low frequencies and low abundances in trawls, characterizing them as rare components of benthic assemblages. Contrary to an accepted paradigm about deep-sea biodiversity, the highest H′ diversity values were recorded in the Sigsbee abyssal plain, followed by values from the upper continental slope; diversity values were correlated with evenness. Canonical Redundancy analysis results showed a significant affinity to regions for 18 crustacean species; 33 species showed a significant affinity to both regions and depth zones within regions. 相似文献
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Javier Alcocer Elva G. Escobar Alfonso Lugo Luis A. Oseguera 《International Journal of Salt Lake Research》1999,8(2):113-126
The effects of multiple stressors on the benthic macroinvertebrate community were monitored in Tecuitlapa Norte, a shallow,
perennially-astatic, warm, mesosaline, sodaalkaline lake in Mexico. Physico-chemical and biological variables were determined
monthly for one year. Tecuitlapa Norte displayed a clear seasonal environmental pattern (dry and rainy seasons). The benthic
macroinvertebrate community consisted of five species:Culicoides occidentalis sonorensis Jorgensen,Ephydra hians Say,Stratiomys sp.,Eristalis sp., andLimnophora sp. of which the first two were dominant and the rest scarce.C. occidentalis was the most important species numerically (76 percent of the total), whileE. hians dominated the biomass (73 percent of the total). Primarily salinity and secondarily pH appear to be the most important environmental
factors controlling dominance of benthic organisms in Tecuitlapa Norte. Seasonal abundance dynamics of the dominant organisms
was associated with phases in their reproductive cycles: environmentally-triggered (i.e., temperature rise, water-level descent)
pupation and emergence periods. We concluded that whereas physical and chemical factors (i.e., salinity, pH) exerted the primary
control on benthic macroinvertebrate community composition in Tecuitlapa Norte, another assembly of variables (e.g., water-level,
temperature) influenced species distribution and abundance. 相似文献
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Jennifer L. Mays Mark Brenner Jason H. Curtis Kathryn V. Curtis David A. Hodell Alex Correa-Metrio Jaime Escobar Andrea L. Dutton Andrew R. Zimmerman Thomas P. Guilderson 《Journal of Paleolimnology》2017,57(4):307-319
Sediment core PI-6 from Lake Petén Itzá, Guatemala, possesses an ~85-ka record of climate and environmental change from lowland Central America. Variations in sediment lithology suggest large and abrupt changes in precipitation during the last glacial and deglacial periods, and into the early Holocene. We measured stable carbon isotope ratios of total organic carbon and long-chain n-alkanes from the core, the latter representing a largely allochthonous (terrestrial) source of organic matter, to reveal past shifts in the relative proportion of C3–C4 terrestrial biomass. We sought to test whether stable carbon isotope results were consistent with other paleoclimate proxies measured in the PI-6 core, and if extraction and isotope analysis of n-alkanes is warranted. The largest δ13C variations are associated with Heinrich Events. Carbon isotope values in sediments deposited during the last glacial maximum indicate moderate precipitation with little fluctuation. The deglacial was a period of pronounced climate variability, e.g. a relatively warm and moist Bølling–Allerød, but a cool and dry Younger Dryas. Arid periods of the deglacial were inferred from samples with high δ13C values in total organic carbon, which reflect times of greater proportions of C4 plants. These inferences are supported by stable isotope measurements on ostracod shells and relative abundance of grass pollen from the same depths in core PI-6. Similar trends in carbon stable isotopes measured on bulk organic carbon and n-alkanes suggest that carbon isotope measures on bulk organic carbon in sediments from this lake are sufficient to infer past climate-driven shifts in local vegetation. 相似文献
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Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) are now found ubiquitously in the aquatic environment and biota, and there is a growing concern that PBDEs may disrupt endocrine systems, leading to reproductive impairments of aquatic animals. In our study, zebrafish (Danio rerio) were exposed to the 5 ng/L, 1 μg/L and 50 μg/L of DE-71 for the duration of the whole life cycle (120 days, from eggs to adults). The expression of selected genes along the brain-pituitary-gonadal (BPG) axis and liver, and the levels of plasma sex hormones were examined. In male fish, up-regulation of GnRH in brain, FSHβ and LHβ in pituitary, FSH-receptor, LH-receptor, and CYP19a in testis was clearly evident, while down-regulation of CYP11a and 3β-HSD was found in testis. In female fish, a 2.4-fold up-regulation of 3β-HSD was found in ovary upon exposure to 50 μg/L of DE-71. GnRH in brain, FSHβ and LHβ in pituitary were also up-regulated, while ERβ, TH and TPH in brain and GnRH-receptor in pituitary were significantly down-regulated. Hepatic ERα, AR and VTG in males were all down-regulated, while hepatic ERα and AR in female were up-regulated. Serum estradiol (E2) was reduced in both male and female upon exposure to DE-71, while significant increases in serum testosterone (T) and 11-keto-testosterone (11-KT) were only found in male but not female fish. The ratio of T/E2 as well as the ratio of 11-KT/E2 in male fish increased in a dose-dependent manner upon exposure to DE-71. Our overall results showed that whole life exposure of DE-71 altered the expression of regulatory genes and receptors at all three levels of the BPG axis in zebrafish, and the responses are sex dependent. The observed disruption of GnRH and GtHs can be further related to the subsequent disruption in both levels and balance sex steroid hormones. 相似文献
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Ammonium excretion by benthic invertebrates and sediment-water nitrogen flux in the Gulf of Mexico near the Mississippi River outflow 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
Wayne S. Gardner Elva Escobar Briones Elizabeth Cruz Kaegi Gilbert T. Rowe 《Estuaries and Coasts》1993,16(4):799-808
Benthic macroinvertebrate biomass and ammonium excretion rates were measured at four stations in the Gulf of Mexico near the Mississippi River mouth. Calculated areal excretion rates were then compared to sediment-water nitrogen fluxes measured in benthic bottom lander chambers at similar stations to estimate the potential importance of macroinvertebrate excretion to sediment nitrogen mineralization. Excretion rates for individual crustaceans (amphipods and decapods) was 2–21 nmoles NH4 + (mg dry weight)?1 h?1. The mean excretion rates for the polychaetes, Paraprionaspio pinnata [6–12 nmoles NH4 + (mg dry weight)?1h?1] and Magelona sp. [27–53 nmoles NH4 + (mg dry weight)?1h?1], were comparable or higher than previous measurements for similar size benthic or pelagic invertebrates incubated at the same temperature (22±1°C). Although the relatively high rates of excretion by these selective feeders may have been partially caused by experimental handling effects (e.g., removal from sediment substrates), they probably reflected the availability of nitrogen-rich food supplies in the Mississippi River plume. When the measured weight-specific rates were extrapolated to total areal biomass, areal macroinvertebrate excretion estimates ranged from 7 μmole NH4 + m?2h?1 at a 40-m deep station near the river mouth to 18 μmole NH4 + m?2h?1 at a shallower (28-m deep) station further from the river mouth. The net flux of ammonium and nitrate from the sediments to the water measured in bottom lander chambers in the same region were 15–53 μmole NH4 + m?2h?1 and ?25–21 μmole NO3 ? m?2h?1. These results suggest that excretion of NH4 + by macroinvertebrates could be a potentially important component of benthic nitrogen regeneration in the Mississippi River plume-Gulf shelf region. 相似文献