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Tellurium,selenium and cobalt enrichment in Neoproterozoic black shales,Gwna Group,UK: Deep marine trace element enrichment during the Second Great Oxygenation Event 
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下载免费PDF全文 Joseph G. T. Armstrong John Parnell Liam A. Bullock Magali Perez Adrian J. Boyce Jorg Feldmann 《地学学报》2018,30(3):244-253
Black shales of the late Neoproterozoic Gwna Group (570–580 Ma), UK, contain enrichments of tellurium (Te), selenium (Se) and cobalt (Co) relative to average shale compositions. The Te and Co enrichments bear comparison with those of ferromanganese crusts in the modern deep ocean. Gwna Group deposition coincides with the Second Great Oxidation Event, which had a significant effect on trace element fixation globally. Selenium and Te concentrations within these black shales indicate increased continental weathering rates, high biological productivity and corresponding increases in atmospheric O2 concentrations. Cobalt, nickel (Ni) and arsenic (As) enrichments in this succession are secondary mineralisation phases. Demand for many of the trace elements found enriched in the Gwna Group black shales make their mechanisms of accumulation, and variations through the geological record, important to understand, and suggests that new resources may be sought based on black shale protoliths from this period. 相似文献
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Vertical eddy diffusivity estimations in Swan river estuary 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
A field experiment is described in which diapycnal diffusivity is estimated by direct and indirect methods in Swan river estuary, Perth, Western Australia. The microstructure profiles were collected in a narrow and straight part of this estuary using a portable flux profiler (PFP). The profiles were segmented into stationary parts and the rate of vertical eddy diffusivity was estimated for the segments within the pycnocline. The direct measurement showed that instantaneous flux could be positive or negative with a low net rate of vertical eddy diffusivity for mass of about 6.5 × 10−8 m2 s−1. All the indirect methods overestimated this rate. However, within the indirect methods, the method of Osborn yielded the poorest estimate while the method of Osborn and Cox gave the closest estimate. 相似文献
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This investigation had the purpose of evaluating the reliability of a sequential extraction procedure according to Zeien and Brümmer (1989) which is performed routinely to analyse the distribution of heavy metals to different soil phases. Reliability was tested by two hypotheses. According to the first hypothesis an error propagation increased during a morefold extraction of heavy metals from a single soil sample to such an extend that it does not allow a statistical comparison of different analyses. This assumption was confirmed in an interlaboratory study of five participants applying the sequential extraction scheme on two different soils. The heavy metal amounts extracted by the different partners were of the same magnitude, but from the results no statistical correspondence at the 95% confidence level could be observed. The second hypothesis stated that also weak extraction agents were able to release metals from the more immobile soil fractions, especially if the amount of easily soluble metals was comparatively small. To answer this question the sequential extraction was modified by carrying out selected weak extraction steps several times. As expected the intensified extraction conditions caused a decrease of the element content within the more resistant phases. However, the additional release in the first four extraction steps of Pb, Mn, Fe, and Zn was only in the range of 5 to 10%. Furthermore, it was observed that a single EDTA extraction (step four within the sequential extraction scheme) was capable to extract the same amount of metals as the first four extraction steps of the original scheme at a variation of about 15%. From these results it was concluded that the EDTA step alone already represents a reliable pool of mobilisable metals. Thus it can be maintained that such a simple single EDTA extraction can be used to assess the environmental risk from heavy metal contaminated soils or to predict the potential heavy metal release of soil remediation processes. 相似文献
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对全球寒武系与奥陶系界线层型剖面和点位(GSSP)——西纽芬兰绿岬(Green Point)剖面和我国吉林白山(原浑江)大阳岔小洋桥原全球寒武系与奥陶系界线候选剖面的对比研究表明,绿岬"金钉子"剖面所指定的界线生物标志——波动古大西洋牙形石(Iapetognathus fluctivagus)并不存在于所指定的界线生物层和点位上,而且在分布和分类上是均存在争议的物种,更遗憾的是,所展示的大部分牙形石和笔石标本图片以及碳氧同位素异常数据也并非来自该"金钉子"剖面,因而完全违背了选择金钉子剖面的原则和要求,有必要进行重新的评估。小洋桥寒武系与奥陶系界线剖面交通方便、环境优美,寒武系与奥陶系界线地层系由一套深水且未变质的黑色、黄绿色页岩与灰色薄层瘤状灰岩所构成的韵律沉积组成,并保存了完整的具有广泛代表性牙形石和笔石序列,在详细研究的34 m界线间隔中,自下而上保存了完整的Cambrostodus、Codylodus proavus、C.intermedius、C.lindstromi和C.angulatus等5牙形石生物带,在C.intermedius带上部至C.angulatus带之间,还依次出现3层笔石,归属于重新厘定的Rhabdinopora parabola和Anisograptus matanensis等2个笔石带,此外还有大量三叶虫和介形类化石共生,结合高精度同位素地球化学的研究,笔者等建议,以全球广泛分布的牙形石C.intermedius的首现,取代Iapetognathus fluctivagus,作为寒武系与奥陶系界线划分对比的标志,其层位与原来所指定的界线层几乎一致或接近,界线之上所记录的最大碳同位素异常和首次出现的最早的浮游正笔石——R.parabola(含R.praeparabola),可作为该界线划分的辅助标志。 相似文献
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Sediment Melts at Sub-arc Depths: an Experimental Study 总被引：14，自引：0，他引：14
The phase and melting relations in subducted pelites have beeninvestigated experimentally at conditions relevant for slabsat sub-arc depths (T = 600–1050°C, P = 2·5–4·5GPa). The fluid-present experiments produced a dominant paragenesisconsisting of garnet–phengite–clinopyroxene–coesite–kyanitethat coexists with a fluid phase at run conditions. Garnet containsdetectable amounts of Na2O (up to 0·5 wt%), P2O5 (upto 0·56 wt%), and TiO2 (up to 0·9 wt%) in allexperiments. Phengite is stable up to 1000°C at 4·5GPa and is characterized by high TiO2 contents of up to 2 wt%.The solidus has been determined at 700°C, 2·5 GPaand is situated between 700 and 750°C at 3·5 GPa.At 800°C, 4·5 GPa glass was present in the experiments,indicating that at such conditions a hydrous melt is stable.In contrast, at 700°C, 3·5 and 4·5 GPa, asolute-rich, non-quenchable aqueous fluid was present. Thisindicates that the solidus is steeply sloping in P–T space.Fluid-present (vapour undersaturated) partial melting of thepelites occurs according to a generalized reaction phengite+ omphacite + coesite + fluid = melt + garnet. The H2O contentof the produced melt decreases with increasing temperature.The K2O content of the melt is buffered by phengite and increaseswith increasing temperature from 2·5 to 10 wt%, whereasNa2O decreases from 7 to 2·3 wt%. Hence, the melt compositionschange from trondhjemitic to granitic with increasing temperature.The K2O/H2O increases strongly as a function of temperatureand nature of the fluid phase. It is 0·0004–0·002in the aqueous fluid, and then increases gradually from about0·1 at 750–800°C to about 1 at 1000°C inthe hydrous melt. This provides evidence that hydrous meltsare needed for efficient extraction of K and other large ionlithophile elements from subducted sediments. Primitive subduction-relatedmagmas typically have K2O/H2O of 0·1–0·4,indicating that hydrous melts rather than aqueous fluids areresponsible for large ion lithophile element transfer in subductionzones and that top-slab temperatures at sub-arc depths are likelyto be 700–900°C. KEY WORDS: experimental petrology; pelite; subduction; UHP metamorphism; fluid; LILE 相似文献
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A simple model of the dynamics of a bubble plume is incorporated in the one dimensional model of reservoir dynamics DYRESM and tested against a data set from Myponga Reservoir in South Australia. The comparisons show that the model provides a reasonably good simulation of the dynamics, and allows use of the combined model for determining the behaviour of aerators under a number of operational strategies. It is shown that a peak efficiency in excess of 15% may be achieved from a single bubble plume, and that the total efficiency of an aerator operating with a fixed airflow rate and fixed configuration over a full season may be increased markedly from 1.5% to about 5.5% by a simple control method. It is suggested that total efficiencies of the order of 15% may be achieved by more complex control strategies. 相似文献
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Abstract. In view of proposed human use of seagrass production the influence of cropping on the growth of Posidonia oceanica (L.) DELILE was investigated. Removal of photosynthetic tissue reduces productivity throughout most of the growth season. This is consistent with the observed low natural grazing rates in aquatic macrophytes. A high mortality of shoots points to possible irreversible damage to the meadow. Harvesting of Posidonia should therefore be restricted to the end of the leaf growth period in early fall. 相似文献
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Could alluvial knickpoint retreat rather than fire drive the loss of alluvial wet monsoon forest,tropical northern Australia? 下载免费PDF全文
下载免费PDF全文 Drainage rejuvenation through headward migration of alluvial knickpoints is common in ephemeral semi‐arid streams, but has not yet been described for tropical rivers. In the Australian monsoon tropics (AMT), wet monsoon forests have an important ecological function, and are present along many alluvial valleys and springs within a eucalypt‐savanna dominated landscape. Using a combination of LiDAR, remote sensing and field evidence, we observe the ongoing destruction of wet monsoon forest through hydro‐geomorphic feedbacks, along with the headward retreat of an alluvial knickpoint at Wangi Creek in Litchfield National Park, Northern Territory. Due to the highly transmissive shallow aquifer along the lower Wangi Creek, this knickpoint retreat leads to a downstream drop in in‐channel water level, which in turn drives a decrease in the local groundwater table. The lowered groundwater level causes the shallow anabranches and formerly water saturated peaty floodplain soil to desiccate, which results in a reduction of vegetation density. The resulting dry surface conditions allow annual to bi‐annual high frequency low‐intensity fires to affect the monsoon forest, while wet rainforest upstream of the knickpoint remains intact. In this paper, we argue that such hydro‐geomorphic feedbacks may cause the initial destabilization of the forest, which then provides the necessary conditions for the impact of fire. This scenario thus challenges the prevalent view that fire is a first‐order control on the spatial extent of wet monsoonal rainforest in the study area, and provides a new and testable hypothesis for further studies in the AMT. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. 相似文献
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Olivier Merlin Jeffrey P. Walker Jetse D. Kalma Edward J. Kim Jorg Hacker Rocco Panciera Rodger Young Gregory Summerell John Hornbuckle Mohsin Hafeez Thomas Jackson 《Advances in water resources》2008
The National Airborne Field Experiment 2006 (NAFE’06) was conducted during a three week period of November 2006 in the Murrumbidgee River catchment, located in southeastern Australia. One objective of NAFE’06 was to explore the suitability of the area for SMOS (Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity) calibration/validation and develop downscaling and assimilation techniques for when SMOS does come on line. Airborne L-band brightness temperature was mapped at 1 km resolution 11 times (every 1–3 days) over a 40 by 55 km area in the Yanco region and 3 times over a 40 by 50 km area that includes Kyeamba Creek catchment. Moreover, multi-resolution, multi-angle and multi-spectral airborne data including surface temperature, surface reflectance (green, read and near infrared), lidar data and aerial photos were acquired over selected areas to develop downscaling algorithms and test multi-angle and multi-spectral retrieval approaches. The near-surface soil moisture was measured extensively on the ground in eight sampling areas concurrently with aircraft flights, and the soil moisture profile was continuously monitored at 41 sites. Preliminary analyses indicate that (i) the uncertainty of a single ground measurement was typically less than 5% vol. (ii) the spatial variability of ground measurements at 1 km resolution was up to 10% vol. and (iii) the validation of 1 km resolution L-band data is facilitated by selecting pixels with a spatial soil moisture variability lower than the point-scale uncertainty. The sensitivity of passive microwave and thermal data is also compared at 1 km resolution to illustrate the multi-spectral synergy for soil moisture monitoring at improved accuracy and resolution. The data described in this paper are available at www.nafe.unimelb.edu.au. 相似文献
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