In Finland, community water supply has increasingly relied on natural groundwater and artificially recharged groundwater as the raw water source. Several managed aquifer recharge (MAR) projects have been co-created with involved parties and have proceeded well, while some cases have raised considerable resistance among the stakeholders. It seems that success or failure in MAR cooperation is related to management cultures and the ways in which various interests are taken into account, from the very beginning and throughout the process. Empirically, this paper builds on comparison between two conflictual case studies in Finland: one in the Tampere region and the other in the Turku region. The study analyses the major constraints of these projects through the lens of collaborative rationality, also drawing upon discourse analysis and negotiation theory. The material is gathered through thematic interviews of stakeholders, newspaper articles and a stakeholder workshop. The results indicate that conventional management approaches, drawing from expert-based instrumental rationality, were insufficient in both cases. The collaborative rationality framework suggests that legitimacy for the groundwater projects should be gained through joint knowledge production and inclusive multiparty interaction for creating options for collaboration. Both cases lacked the tools and know-how for authentic dialogue and collaboration. The emerging paradigm emphasizes more collaborative approaches for natural resources management and urban planning. While MAR projects operate inside these areas and are highly complex in nature, it is essential to embrace the emerging paradigm in order to promote MAR systems along with their huge potential.
相似文献The crystallisation sequence olivine(+cotectic chromite)-orthopyroxene-clinopyroxene-amphibole, the decreased stability field of olivine and fractionation of relatively Al-rich pyroxenes and chromite all suggest that the cumulate-textured intrusions crystallised from a relatively hydrous parental magma at moderate crustal pressures. The parental magma was enriched in Th, LILE and LREE, being similar to modern tholeiitic arc basalts. Trace element ratios suggest that Svecofennian turbidites were the ultimate source of this enriched component. Although the mechanism of contamination is inconsistent with simultaneous assimilation and fractional crystallisation in situ, this can be explained by a model in which magma flowed through subvertical conduits and assimilated adjacent crust.
Characteristics of metamorphism, deformation and subsolidus equilibration and age determinations all suggest that emplacement of cumulate-textured bodies coincided with the peak of ongoing regional metamorphism and deformation. The cumulate-textured intrusions are interpreted as representing middle crustal expressions of early Proterozoic Svecofennian arc magmatism. This model also predicts that the same magmatism resulted in the emplacement of more evolved arc plutonic complexes at higher crustal levels (that have since been eroded), and the formation of large ultramafic cumulate complexes in the lower crust and at the crust-mantle boundary region, and may thus assist in interpreting deep seismic and gravimetric anomalies within Svecofennian domain.
In contrast, the metapicritic supracrustal rocks have trace element signatures similar to transitional MORB, and cannot represent magmas complementary to the cumulate-textured intrusions. The metapicrites represent supracrustal formations which are clearly older than the synorogenic cumulate-textured intrusions, and their spatial association is coincidental only. 相似文献