Problems of ratifying international environmental agreements: Overcoming initial obstacles in the post-agreement negotiation process     

Bertram I. Spector  Anna R. Korula 《Global Environmental Change》1993,3(4)

The post-agreement period typically is characterized by negotiations between various stakeholders to reach mutually beneficial and acceptable means to achieve national implementation of, and compliance with, treaty provisions. National ratification of international environmental agreements is often the first subprocess of these ‘postagreement negotiations’. This article places ratification negotiations within the larger conceptual context of postagreement negotiations, with the goal of understanding and explaining problems of treaty Implementation. An empirical analysis reveals that delay in national ratification of environmental agreements is a chronic problem, but is worse for complex, multi-issue treaties. Strong public concern over local environmental issues, low quality of life, low national wealth, and low public research and development expenditures for environmental protection contribute to ratification delay. Ultimately, the authors are interested in identifying ways of improving the international negotiation process that initiated these later problems in implementation. Recommendations are offered in this regard.  相似文献   

On Methods of Short-Term Earthquake Prediction Based on Monitoring the Hydrogeodeformation Field     

Kulikov  G. V.  Spector  S. V.  Rogozhin  E. A.  Lukashova  R. N.  Sysolin  A. I. 《Izvestiya Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics》2019,55(11):1715-1725

Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - The permanent analysis of the hydrogeodeformation (HGD) field is one promising direction in the field of predicting strong earthquakes. As a result of...  相似文献   

Studying precipitation chemistry by multivariate analysis based on data of rural stations in Russian Barents Region     

V. M. Feoktistov  V. N. Kharin  E. N. Spector 《Water Resources》2014,41(4):421-430

Multivariate analysis methods have been applied to studying variations in the concentrations of Ag, Al, As, B, Ba, Br, Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Fe, K, Li, Mg, Mn, Mo, Na, Ni, P, Pb, Rb, S, Sb, Si, Sn, Sr, Th, Tl, U, V, Zn, Cl^?, NO ₃ ^? , SO ₄ ^2? as components of precipitation at 11 rural stations under project “Ecogeochemistry of Barents Region”. Hierarchic factor analysis revealed the structure and space-time distribution of seven first-order factors and two second-order factors. The combinations of ingredients that determine the composition of first-order factors characterize the sources of precipitation composition, which have been found to be specific and volatile products of fuel oil and coal combustion, marine and earth aerosols, and biogenic processes. Second-order factors showed two independent sets of components, which are typical of the chemistry of precipitation at the examined stations in winter and summer. Step-by-step discriminant and cluster analysis made it possible to classify the observational stations by precipitation chemistry and demonstrate the extent of difference between them.  相似文献   

ACQUAINTANCE CIRCLES AND COMMUNICATION: AN EXPLORATION OF HYPOTHESES RELATING TO INNOVATION ADOPTION*     

Aron N. Spector  Lawrence A. Brown  Edward J. Malecki 《The Professional geographer》1976,28(3):267-276

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The negative temperature anomaly near the surface (Lenskie Stolby,republic of Sakha-Yakutia)     

Spector  V. B.  Vasiliev  I. S. 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2010,432(1):708-709

Doklady Earth Sciences -  相似文献