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Information systems developed for different applications within the environmental domain have common characteristics, which can potentially be abstracted for sharing and reuse of design and software modules. This article presents an approach to designing for reuse by abstracting commonalities in the design of a Marine Information System (MIS), facilitating data management in a prototype operational monitoring, forecasting, and management system for the North Atlantic and the Nordic Seas. A detailed study of the requirements and data analysis was carried out, and Object-Oriented Technology (OOT) is employed to encapsulate abstractions and to promote reuse of code and design. This article identifies the Object-Oriented Frameworks (OOFW) required to build the MIS. It also provides guidelines to environmental scientists for restructuring legacy software and employing modern programming techniques. 相似文献
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A web-based distributed system for monitoring and forecasting of the marine environment has been developed in line with INfrastructure for SPatial InfoRmation in Europe (INSPIRE) and Global Monitoring for Environment and Security (GMES) recommendations for a European Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI). This system, called DISPRO, enables integration and distribution of multi-source data from satellites, aircraft, and in situ instruments, as well as results from numerical models. Geographic data and metadata are stored on a set of distributed computer nodes and retrieved and integrated by a web GIS client by means of Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) Web Map Server (WMS) technologies. A profile of ISO 19115 was developed for metadata handling, using eXtensible Markup Language (XML) as a platform independent encoding mechanism. DISPRO has been demonstrated in six European coastal zone and ocean regions in the spring and summer of 2005. The overall positive experiences of both service providers and end users indicate that the system should be further developed into an operational GMES service. 相似文献
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Initial results from a field experiment on fast ice in Kongsfjorden, Svalbard, in March 2002 are presented. We measured surface reflectance and under-ice irradiance using an advanced, portable spectroradiometer sensitive in the visible and near-infrared parts of the electromagnetic spectrum, i.e. 350-1100 nm. Under-ice irradiance (UV-A, UV-B and photosynthetically active radiation [PAR]) was measured down to depths of 7.5 m by vertical profiling using a six-channel radiometer. We also present model results of wavelength-dependent transmittance of radiation through a combined snow and sea ice layer for various thicknesses of snow. Model results show that the snow and sea ice is more transparent for solar radiation in the PAR region (400-700 nm) than at shorter and longer wavelengths. This is confirmed by the field measurements. Even very thin snow layers on top of the sea ice efficiently prevent solar radiation from penetrating the snow–sea ice system. For example, a 5 cm thick snow layer reduces under-ice irradiance in the PAR region with a factor of about 10. Measurements of under-ice UV irradiance show that both UV-A and UV-B irradiance is reduced with a factor of more than 10 at depths of 7.5 m below the ice compared to at the ice-sea water interface. 相似文献
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Torill Engen-Skaugen 《Climatic change》2007,84(3-4):365-382
A method for adjusting dynamically downscaled precipitation and temperature scenarios representing specific sites is presented.
The method reproduces mean monthly values and standard deviations based on daily observations. The trend obtained in the regional
climate model both for temperature and precipitation is maintained, and the frequency of modelled and observed rainy days
shows better agreement. Thus, the method is appropriate for tailoring dynamically downscaled temperature and precipitation
values for climate change impact studies. One precipitation and temperature scenario dynamically downscaled with HIRHAM from
the Atmospheric-Ocean General Circulation Model at the Max-Planck Institute in Hamburg, ECHAM4/OPYC4 GSDIO with emission scenario
IS92a, is chosen to illustrate the adjustment method. 相似文献
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Nutrition in cod (Gadus morhua) larvae and juveniles 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
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Scenarios with daily time resolution are frequently used in research on the impacts of climate change. These are traditionally
developed by regional climate models (RCMs). The spatial resolution, however, is usually too coarse for local climate change
analysis, especially in regions with complex topography, such as Norway. The RCM used, HIRHAM, is run with lateral boundary
forcing provided from two global medium resolution models; the ECHAM4/OPYC3 from MPI and the HadAM3H from the Hadley centre.
The first is run with IPCC SRES emission scenario B2, the latter is run with IPCC SRES emission scenarios A2 and B2. All three
scenarios represent the future time period 2071–2100. Both models have a control run, representing the present climate (1961–1990).
Daily temperature scenarios are interpolated from HIRHAM to Norwegian temperature stations. The at-site HIRHAM-temperatures,
both for the control and scenario runs, are adjusted to be locally representative. Mean monthly values and standard deviations
based on daily values of the adjusted HIRHAM-temperatures, as well as the cumulative distribution curve of daily seasonal
temperatures, are conclusive with observations for the control period. Residual kriging are used on the adjusted daily HIRHAM-temperatures
to obtain high spatial temperature scenarios. Mean seasonal temperature grids are obtained. By adjusting the control runs
and scenarios and improving the spatial resolution of the scenarios, the absolute temperature values are representative at
a local scale. The scenarios indicate larger warming in winter than in summer in the Scandinavian regions. A marked west–east
and south–north gradient is projected for Norway, where the largest increase is in eastern and northern regions. The temperature
of the coldest winter days is projected to increase more than the warmer temperatures. 相似文献
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