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Izvestiya, Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics - The ocean level fluctuations relative to continents are caused by both physical processes related to water volume variations and tectonic processes... 相似文献
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V. P. Trubitsyn 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2010,46(6):461-476
In the PREM seismic model, the boundary between the upper and the lower mantle is accepted at a depth of 670 km, where seismic
velocities and density increase. However, until recently there was an obvious inconsistency in this model. The density increases
abruptly, and the velocities, in addition to the jumps, have also the subsequent zones of increased gradient. The discontinuity
between the upper and the lower mantle is related to the transition of olivine from the ringwoodite phase into the mixture
of perovskite and magnesiowustite. However, in the pyrolyte model, the transition zone of the upper mantle consists not wholly
of olivine, but partly of olivine (60%) and partly of garnet (40%). The latest data of the garnet measurement at high pressures
show that it also experiences phase transition, being converted into magnesium perovskite with the impurity of calcium perovskite.
In contrast to the sharp transition in olivine (within a depth interval of only 5 km), the transition in garnet is spread
over the interval of depths of 660–710 km. In the widely used PREM and AK135 models, this additional transition corresponds
to the zone of the increased gradient in seismic velocities, while in the density distribution it is included in the sharp
transition of ringwoodite. Thus, the mineralogy data indicate the need for correction of the PREM and AK135 seismic models:
the density jump at a depth of 660 km should be reduced by approximately a factor of two, and a subjacent layer with the increased
density gradient should be added at the depth interval of 660–710 km. The phase transition in olivine hampers the mantle flows,
although in garnet it accelerates them. Therefore, with an allowance for the smaller jump in density, the decelerating effect
of the subducting plates, caused by the phase transition in olivine, decreases, and, furthermore, the effect of their acceleration,
caused by the phase transition in garnet, is added. The decrease in the density jump by almost a factor of two will lead to
essential changes in the results of the majority of recent works addressing the assessment of the deceleration of convection
at the upper/lower mantle discontinuity on the basis of the PREM model. 相似文献
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V. P. Trubitsyn 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2016,52(5):627-636
Viscosity is a fundamental property of the mantle which determines the global geodynamical processes. According to the microscopic theory of defects and laboratory experiments, viscosity exponentially depends on temperature and pressure, with activation energy and activation volume being the parameters. The existing laboratory measurements are conducted with much higher strain rates than in the mantle and have significant uncertainty. The data on postglacial rebound only allow the depth distributions of viscosity to be reconstructed. Therefore, spatial distributions (along the depth and lateral) are as of now determined from the models of mantle convection which are calculated by the numerical solution of the convection equations, together with the viscosity dependences on pressure and temperature (PT-dependences). The PT-dependences of viscosity which are presently used in the numerical modeling of convection give a large scatter in the estimates for the lower mantle, which reaches several orders of magnitude. In this paper, it is shown that it is possible to achieve agreement between the calculated depth distributions of viscosity throughout the entire mantle and the postglacial rebound data. For this purpose, the values of the volume and energy of activation for the upper mantle can be taken from the laboratory experiments, and for the lower mantle, the activation volume should be reduced twice at the 660-km phase transition boundary. Next, the reduction in viscosity by an order of magnitude revealed at the depths below 2000 km by the postglacial rebound data can be accounted for by the presence of heavy hot material at the mantle bottom in the LLSVP zones. The models of viscosity spatial distribution throughout the entire mantle with the lithospheric plates are presented. 相似文献
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V. P. Trubitsyn 《Doklady Earth Sciences》2012,445(2):1025-1028
This paper presents the numerical models built for convection in a three-component mantle with heavy matter in the form of the D“ layer and a light highly viscous supercontinent. The models explain deformation of the heavy layer by mantle flows with hot provinces concentrating on the mantle bottom. The role played by supercontinents in plume generation is also explained, as well as the regularities of how plumes, which produce hot spots, traps, and basaltic plateaus on the Earth’s surface and ore diamond deposits in the lithosphere, are generated on the mantle bottom. 相似文献
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V. P. Trubitsyn 《Izvestiya Physics of the Solid Earth》2008,44(12):1018-1026
A system of equations for the calculation of thermal convection in a compressible mantle with variable parameters and phase transitions is derived from the general laws of mass, momentum, and energy conservation and thermodynamic relations. Mantle convection is successively calculated in the anelastic liquid, truncated anelastic liquid, mean density, expanded Boussinesq, and Boussinesq approximations. Phase transitions are automatically taken into account with the help of effective thermodynamic parameters determined from general thermodynamic relations. 相似文献
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In our previous works, based on numerical models, it was shown that under certain conditions a hot material can rise in portions in the tails of thermal mantle plumes. The spectrum of these pulsations can correspond to the observed spectra of catastrophic hotspot eruptions. Since most of the existing numerical models of thermal convection for the mantle of the present Earth do not reveal these pulsations, in this work, we analyze the physical cause and initiation conditions of pulsations of thermal plumes. The results of a numerical solution of the thermal convection equations for a material with varying parameters in the extended Boussinesq approximation are presented. It is shown how the structure of the convection is transformed with the increase of convection intensity. At the Rayleigh numbers Ra > 106, convection becomes unsteady, and the configuration of the ascending and descending flows changes. The new flow emerging at the mantle bottom acquires a mushroom shape with a head and a tail. After the rise of the plume’s head to the surface, the tail remains in the mantle in the form of a quasi-stationary hot steam. It turns out that at Ra ~ 5 × 107, the thermal mantle plume becomes pulsating and its tail is in fact a heated channel through which the hot material rises in successive portions. At the Rayleigh numbers Ra > 5 × 108, the tail of the thermal plume breaks and the plume becomes a regular conveyor of separate ascending portions of the hot material, which are referred to as thermals. Thus, thermal convection with pulsating plumes takes place at the transitional stage from the regime of quasi-stationary plumes to the regime of thermals. 相似文献
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Izvestiya, Physics of the Solid Earth - Global geodynamics is determined by the thermal convection in the mantle which manifests itself on the surface by movements, relief, heat flow, and... 相似文献
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The equations of state of the matter contained in the giant planets are investigated. The thermal state of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus and Neptune is considered, and the results of the calculations of their figures, gravitational potentials and models of the internal structures are given. These results were reported on the Geophysical Congress, held in Moscow, 1971. 相似文献