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As a possible mechanism for particle acceleration in the impulsive phase of solar flares, a new particle acceleration mechanism in shock waves is proposed; a collisionless fast magnetosonic shock wave can promptly accelerate protons and electrons to relativistic energies, which was found by theory and relativistic particle simulation. The simultaneous acceleration of protons and electrons takes place in a rather strong magnetic field such that
ce
pe
. For a weak magnetic field (
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pe
), strong acceleration occurs to protons only. Resonant protons gain relativistic energies within the order of the ion cyclotron period (much less than 1 s for solar plasma parameters). The electron acceleration time is shorter than the ion-cyclotron period. 相似文献
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A new method was developed to compare the classifications of different kind of data maps based on the self-organizing map (SOM) analysis. The surface current maps of the northern coast of Ishigaki and Iriomote Islands, East China Sea, observed by high-frequency (HF) radar were classified by SOM. Winds, sea surface temperatures (SST), and reanalysis data were also classified by SOM. The optimum area for classification was determined objectively by the new method, which relates these patterns to HF radar current patterns. We found two typical surface patterns: the first was that northeastward flows are dominant in the observation area and the second was that a clockwise eddy was also dominant in this area. The southwestward wind pattern was strongly related to the dominant clockwise eddy pattern of the HF radar current field. 相似文献
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Ocean Dynamics - Wave climate is important for marine disaster prevention and marine development. The East China Sea is open to the Pacific Ocean and is considered to be greatly affected by swells.... 相似文献
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This is a Part II of a paper of nonlinearities of wind waves in the deep open ocean. As shown in Part I, bound waves in deep sea are detectable by extracting secondorder Doppler spectra from the Doppler spectra of HF (high-frequency) radio waves scattered from the sea surface. There is a remarkable agreement between the calculated and measured Doppler spectra, considering the noise levels in measured Doppler spectra and the uncertainties in directional properties. The theoretical expression for bound waves is thus verified. Furthermore, the upper limit in calculating the Doppler spectra for the second-order approximation is presented from field observations, although we cannot conclude that it is equivalent to the limitation of the second-order bound wave theory. It is shown that analysis of radio wave scattering by the sea surface is one useful means of understanding the nonlinear properties of ocean waves. 相似文献
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Yukiharu Hisaki 《Oceanic Engineering, IEEE Journal of》2006,31(4):768-778
A method of the Helmholtz decomposition for mapped surface currents on grid points is developed. This method is simple, and decomposed currents are not dependent on the distance from the open boundary. This decomposition is applied to surface currents observed by high-frequency (HF) radars. The observation was conducted from April to May 1998 east of Okinawa Island, Japan. The spectral analysis of decomposed currents reveals that the M2 tidal peak for rotational components is much smaller than that for divergent components, which suggests that the barotropic tidal components are mainly included in divergent currents. The real-vector empirical orthogonal function (EOF) analysis of decomposed currents reveals an embedded eddy, which is related with the convergence of currents 相似文献
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Yukiharu Hisaki 《Ocean Dynamics》2016,66(9):1065-1085
The high-frequency (HF) radar inversion algorithm for spectrum estimation (HIAS) can estimate ocean wave directional spectra from both dual and single radar. Wave data from a dual radar and two single radars are compared with in situ observations. The agreement of the wave parameters estimated from the dual radar with those from in situ observations is the best of the three. In contrast, the agreement of the wave parameters estimated from the single radar in which no Doppler spectra are observed in the cell closest to the in situ observation point is the worst among the three. Wave data from the dual radar and the two single radars are compared. The comparison of the wave heights estimated from the single and dual radars shows that the area sampled by the Doppler spectra for the single radar is more critical than the number of Doppler spectra in terms of agreement with the dual-radar-estimated wave heights. In contrast, the comparison of the wave periods demonstrates that the number of Doppler spectra observed by the single radar is more critical for agreement of the wave periods than the area of the Doppler spectra. There is a bias directed to the radar position in the single radar estimated wave direction. 相似文献
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This is a Part I of a paper of nonlinearities of wind waves in the deep open ocean. First, considerations are given in order to verify the theoretical expression for bound waves from observed data. We compare the contribution of bound waves and double Bragg scattering to the second-order scattering, and we show that the contribution of bound waves is larger, and that bound waves can be detected by measuring the Doppler spectra of HF (high-frequency) radio wave scattering from the sea surface. Moreover, if the theory of the HF radio wave scattering from the sea surface is verified, so is the second-order perturbation theory for bound waves. Then, the contributions of bound waves to ocean wave spectra are investigated on the basis of the nonlinear theory. The bound waves are shown to modify frequency spectra and wave directional distributions at higher frequencies, and it is shown that although the modifications of frequency spectra are smaller for a two-dimensional field case than for a one-dimensional field case, they are not negligible at higher frequencies. On the other hand, the modifications of wave directional distributions are shown to be significant at higher frequencies. These discussions become significant only when bound wave predictions are verified in the open ocean. Consequently, it is shown that nonlinearities of water waves are important in considering both radio wave scattering from the sea surface and the detailed structures of ocean wave spectra at high frequencies. 相似文献
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Mutsuo Inoue Yusuke Nakano Yoko Kiyomoto Hisaki Kofuji Yasunori Hamajima Masayoshi Yamamoto 《Journal of Oceanography》2010,66(3):425-428
A total of 21 surface water samples were collected on the east side of the East China Sea (ECS) (3 sites) and at the Tsushima
Strait (1 site), and 226Ra and 228Ra activities were measured using low-background γ-spectrometry. The 228Ra/226Ra ratios among the samples exhibited notable seasonal variation (228Ra/226Ra = 0.2–2.6) accompanying changes of salinity (31.7–34.7). Seasonal water circulation within the ECS is hypothesized to cause
the change by altering the mixing ratio of 228Ra-rich continental shelf water and 228Ra-poor Kuroshio water. 相似文献
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Hidetaka Takeoka Yoshio Tanaka Yuichi Ohno Yukiharu Hisaki Akitsugu Nadai Hiroshi Kuroiwa 《Journal of Oceanography》1995,51(6):699-711
Observations of sea surface currents by HF radar were carried out in the Bungo Channel in summer 1992. The current ellipses of M2 constituent obtained by the observational results agree quite well with those obtained by the ADCP observations, showing that the accuracy of the HF radar measurements is of the same level as ADCP. The results revealed the current structures and their change with the Kyucho in detail. The Kyucho is influenced by the complicated coastal geometry and does not propagate straightly into the Bungo Channel. It propagates further inward after charging the coastal bays with warm water. The current directions change largely, since the currents turn around the stagnant region in the bay filled with the warm water. The northward intrusion begins to be weakened in the southern part of the channel, while it still persists in the northern part. The northward current speeds of the observed Kyucho are about 50 cm/s and sometimes attain 60 to 70 cm/s. 相似文献
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