Documenting hurricane impacts on coral reefs using two-dimensional video-mosaic technology     

Arthur C. R. Gleason  Diego Lirman  Dana Williams  Nuno R. Gracias  Brooke E. Gintert  Hossein Madjidi  R. Pamela Reid  G. Chris Boynton  Shahriar Negahdaripour  Margaret Miller  & Philip Kramer 《Marine Ecology》2007,28(2):254-258

Four hurricanes impacted the reefs of Florida in 2005. In this study, we evaluate the combined impacts of hurricanes Dennis, Katrina, Rita, and Wilma on a population of Acropora palmata using a newly developed video‐mosaic methodology that provides a high‐resolution, spatially accurate landscape view of the reef benthos. Storm damage to A. palmata was surprisingly limited; only 2 out of 19 colonies were removed from the study plot at Molasses Reef. The net tissue losses for those colonies that remained were only 10% and mean diameter of colonies decreased slightly from 88.4 to 79.6 cm. In contrast, the damage to the reef framework was more severe, and a large section (6 m in diameter) was dislodged, overturned, and transported to the bottom of the reef spur. The data presented here show that two‐dimensional video‐mosaic technology is well‐suited to assess the impacts of physical disturbance on coral reefs and can be used to complement existing survey methodologies.  相似文献   

The motion of a 9.1 m yacht hull buoy moored in open sea     

J.-G. Dessureault  J. Brooke  J.A. Elliott 《Ocean Engineering》1982,9(1):65-97

A 9.1 m yacht hull was instrumented to measure its three-dimensional motion when moored in the open sea. The hull was deployed on three occasions for a total period of about 2 months and encountered a wide range of wind-wave conditions including a strong gale. The data have been analysed to give the response for each component of motion in terms of amplitude and relative phases. The hull motion is compared spectrally to the waves observed by a nearby Waverider. The hull was found to behave as a surface-keyed buoy, with a well defined response for a wide range of conditions. The presence of a resonance in pitch and roll is evident in the data with typical rms values being 5° and 10°, respectively, for significant wave height of 5 m. From data on the mooring dynamics it is concluded that the peaks observed in the tension are a result of the viscous drag opposing the change in the catenary of the mooring and the slow drift oscillations of the buoy. This type of hull is a versatile and economical candidate as a platform for meteorological and oceanographic instrumentation.  相似文献   

Particulate air pollution from wildfires in the Western US under climate change     

Jia Coco Liu  Loretta J. Mickley  Melissa P. Sulprizio  Francesca Dominici  Xu Yue  Keita Ebisu  Georgiana Brooke Anderson  Rafi F. A. Khan  Mercedes A. Bravo  Michelle L. Bell 《Climatic change》2016,135(3-4):655-668

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Design principles for origin-destination flow maps     

Bernhard Jenny  Daniel M. Stephen  Ian Muehlenhaus  Brooke E. Marston  Ritesh Sharma  Eugene Zhang 《制图学和地理信息科学》2018,45(1):62-75

Origin-destination flow maps are often difficult to read due to overlapping flows. Cartographers have developed design principles in manual cartography for origin-destination flow maps to reduce overlaps and increase readability. These design principles are identified and documented using a quantitative content analysis of 97 geographic origin-destination flow maps without branching or merging flows. The effectiveness of selected design principles is verified in a user study with 215 participants. Findings show that (a) curved flows are more effective than straight flows, (b) arrows indicate direction more effectively than tapered line widths, and (c) flows between nodes are more effective than flows between areas. These findings, combined with results from user studies in graph drawing, conclude that effective and efficient origin-destination flow maps should be designed according to the following design principles: overlaps between flows are minimized; symmetric flows are preferred to asymmetric flows; longer flows are curved more than shorter or peripheral flows; acute angles between crossing flows are avoided; sharp bends in flow lines are avoided; flows do not pass under unconnected nodes; flows are radially distributed around nodes; flow direction is indicated with arrowheads; and flow width is scaled with represented quantity.  相似文献   

Iceland as a therapeutic landscape: white wilderness spaces for well-being     

Brooke  Kaelan  Williams  Allison 《GeoJournal》2021,86(3):1275-1285

Therapeutic landscapes are reputed to have a lasting repute for realizing healing. Traditional therapeutic landscapes have recognized natural environments as often sought after places for well-being. Such places promote wellness via their close encounter with nature, facilitating relaxation and restoration, and enhancing a combination of physical, mental, and spiritual healing. The physical environment of Iceland is explored through a case study approach, primarily employing data from the field notebooks of post-secondary students travelling in Iceland, as well as the authors’ ethnographic field experience in Iceland. Iceland is examined using both a traditional understanding of therapeutic landscapes, as well as the contemporary understanding of the coloured landscape. In addition to the colour white, reflected in the glacial ice, moving water, and geo-thermal steams, black and various other colours in combination are discussed.

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Biogeochemical Zones Within a Macrotidal,Dry-Tropical Fluvial-Marine Transition Area: A Dry-Season Perspective     

L. C. Radke  P. W. Ford  I. T. Webster  I. Atkinson  G. Douglas  K. Oubelkheir  J. Li  B. Robson  B. Brooke 《Aquatic Geochemistry》2010,16(1):1-29

The Fitzroy River delivers large amounts of nutrients and fine sediments to Keppel Bay (contiguous with the Great Barrier Reef Lagoon) during intermittent flow events. This study explores sources, forms and transformations of nutrients in Keppel Bay, and develops a functional process zonation that integrates seabed geochemistry and water column nutrient characteristics which are controlled by suspended sediment. The water column and seabed properties were investigated over two dry seasons, with supplementary core incubations taken to measure carbon decomposition rates and nutrient fluxes. Keppel Bay can be divided into three zones, the: zone of maximum resuspension (ZMR); coastal transitional zone (CTZ); and blue water zone (BWZ). Mineralisation of predominantly terrestrial organic matter occurs in the ZMR where nutrient uptake by phytoplankton is light limited. The CTZ and BWZ had higher light penetration and phytoplankton growth was likely limited by N and P, respectively. The identified zones conform to the bathymetry and hydrodynamic characteristics of the bay, allowing for the development of an integrated conceptual model accounting for the benthic and pelagic biogeochemical processes. Recognition of these different zones shows that considerable variation in benthic and water column properties is possible within a small system with the bathymetric and hydrodynamic characteristics of the fluidized bed reactor.  相似文献   

Damming China’s rivers to expand its cities: the urban livelihoods of rural people displaced by the Three Gorges Dam     

Brooke Wilmsen 《Urban geography》2018,39(3):345-366

Over the next two decades, China, the country with the world’s largest urban population, is orchestrating the urbanization of some 300 million rural people. In its National New-Type Urbanization Plan (2014) the State Council has outlined a range of strategies to grow its cities not least of which is rural-to-urban migration. This plan will have significant effects on other types of displacement, particularly, the forced displacement and resettlement of those living in the path of large dams. This paper reviews what is known about New-Type Urbanization Approach to Reservoir Resettlement. Then, based on a longitudinal study of 145 resettled households at the Three Gorges Dam, the livelihood effects of rural-to-urban resettlement are unpacked to provide lessons for its use in advancing urbanization. It finds that rural-to-urban resettlers have lower incomes than their urban-to-urban and rural-to-rural counterparts, and higher rates of food and income insecurity.  相似文献   

Does the Sun have a face?     

I. Tuominen  J. Pelt  J. Brooke  M. Korpi 《Astronomische Nachrichten》2007,328(10):1020-1022

We analyse the Greenwich sunspot data with methods using kinematic frames, which allow to detect and filter off any systematic motion, such as differential rotation, of the longitudinal activity traces. The aim is to check the recent claim of the existence of century-scale persistent solar active longitudes exhibiting antisolar differential rotation. As a result, we find no evidence for such features. Nevertheless, as is well known, the sunspot distribution is highly clustered in longitude (activity nests); the simple cell-counting statistics allows us to estimate the coherence time of these features, giving roughly10 Carrington rotations. (© 2007 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim)  相似文献   

Force-directed layout of origin-destination flow maps   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

Bernhard Jenny  Daniel M. Stephen  Ian Muehlenhaus  Brooke E. Marston  Ritesh Sharma  Eugene Zhang 《International journal of geographical information science》2017,31(8):1521-1540

This paper introduces a force-directed layout method for creating origin-destination flow maps. Design principles derived from manual cartography and automated graph drawing to increase readability of flow maps and graph layouts are taken into account. The origin-destination flow maps produced with our algorithm show flows with quadratic Bézier curves that reduce flow-on-flow and flow-on-node overlaps, and avoid sharp or irregular bends in flow lines. A survey of expert cartographers found that flow maps created with our automated method are similar in quality to manually produced flow maps.  相似文献   

Rapid,high-resolution detection of environmental change over continental scales from satellite data – the Earth Observation Data Cube     

Adam Lewis  Leo Lymburner  Matthew B. J. Purss  Brendan Brooke  Ben Evans  Alex Ip 《International Journal of Digital Earth》2016,9(1):106-111

The effort and cost required to convert satellite Earth Observation (EO) data into meaningful geophysical variables has prevented the systematic analysis of all available observations. To overcome these problems, we utilise an integrated High Performance Computing and Data environment to rapidly process, restructure and analyse the Australian Landsat data archive. In this approach, the EO data are assigned to a common grid framework that spans the full geospatial and temporal extent of the observations – the EO Data Cube. This approach is pixel-based and incorporates geometric and spectral calibration and quality assurance of each Earth surface reflectance measurement. We demonstrate the utility of the approach with rapid time-series mapping of surface water across the entire Australian continent using 27 years of continuous, 25?m resolution observations. Our preliminary analysis of the Landsat archive shows how the EO Data Cube can effectively liberate high-resolution EO data from their complex sensor-specific data structures and revolutionise our ability to measure environmental change.  相似文献