A two-layer model for studying 2D dissolved pollutant runoff over impermeable surfaces     

Taotao Zhang  Yang Xiao  Dongfang Liang  Hongwu Tang  Junzeng Xu  Saiyu Yuan  Nairu Wang  Bin Luan 《水文研究》2021,35(5):e14152

Dissolved pollutants in stormwater are a main contributor to water pollution in urban environments. However, many existing transport models are semi-empirical and only consider one-dimensional flows, which limit their predictive capacity. Combining the shallow water and the advection–diffusion equations, a two-dimensional physically based model is developed for dissolved pollutant transport by adopting the concept of a ‘control layer’. A series of laboratory experiments has been conducted to validate the proposed model, taking into account the effects of buildings and intermittent rainfalls. The predictions are found to be in good agreement with experimental observations, which supports the assumption that the depth of the control layer is constant. Based on the validated model, a parametric study is conducted, focusing on the characteristics of the pollutant distribution and transport rate over the depth. The hyetograph, including the intensity, duration and intermittency, of rainfall event has a significant influence on the pollutant transport rates. The depth of the control layer, rainfall intensity, surface roughness and area length are dominant factors that affect the dissolved pollutant transport. Finally, several perspectives of the new pollutant transport model are discussed. This study contributes to an in-depth understanding of the dissolved pollutant transport processes on impermeable surfaces and urban stormwater management.  相似文献   

How soil texture,channel shape and cross-sectional area affect moisture dynamics and water loss in irrigation channels     

Zhifan Mu  Tianxiao Li  Dong Liu  Qiang Fu  Renjie Hou  Qinglin Li  Yi Ji  Song Cui  Mo Li 《水文研究》2021,35(4):e14155

To enhance the utilization efficiency of farmland irrigation water and reduce the leakage of water conveyance channels, the leakage process of channels was simulated dynamically. The simulated results were compared with data measured in laboratory experiments, and the performance of the model was evaluated. The results indicated that the simulated values of the model were consistent with the observation values, and the R² values varied between 0.91 and 0.99. In addition, based on the laboratory experiments, a water supply system (Mariotte bottles) and soil box were built using plexiglass. Three influencing factors, namely, the channel form, soil texture and channel cross-sectional area, were varied to observe and calculate the resulting cumulative infiltration amount, infiltration rate and wetting front migration distance. HYDRUS-3D software was used to solve the three-dimensional soil water movement equation under different initial conditions. The results demonstrated that the U-shaped channel was more effective than the trapezoidal channel in increasing the utilization efficiency of the water resources. A U-shaped channel with a small channel cross-sectional area should be adopted and the soil particle size should be prioritized in the construction of water conveyance channels for farmlands. The simulation results were in agreement with the observed results, which indicates that HYDRUS-3D is a reliable tool that can accurately simulate the soil moisture movement in water conveyance channels. The research results can provide a reference for the design and operation of farmland irrigation systems.  相似文献   

基于主成分分析法和监测数据的阿尔泰山采金废弃矿区人工恢复措施效益分析          下载免费PDF全文

艾沙江·艾力  徐海量  苑塏烨 《干旱区地理》2019,42(2):288-294

本文以阿尔泰山两河源保护区采金废弃矿区为研究区，从地形、土壤、水分和地表植被4个方面出发，结合矿区现有条件，设置11种恢复措施，选取丰富度指数、优势度指数、多样性指数、均匀度指数、生物量、植被盖度、物种数及土石比等7个评价指标，采用主成分分析法，得出不同恢复措施的主成分得分及生态效益排名。结果表明，单一恢复措施，如推平、羊群驻扎、泥浆等基本上是从某一个方面来考虑生态恢复的，存在一定的缺陷，恢复效益排名比较靠后；多种措施相结合，不仅能改善土壤环境，也会引起植物群落多样性格局的变化，生态恢复效益很好；同一种恢复措施，施行年限越长恢复效果越好。  相似文献   

深度学习在水声目标识别中的应用研究     

王培兵  彭圆 《数字海洋与水下攻防》2020,3(1):11-17

水声目标识别技术是水声信号处理的重要组成部分，是水声信息获取与水声信息对抗的重要技术支撑。针对水声目标识别时探测数据量大、自动化程度不高、识别效率低下等问题，研究了深度学习在水声目标识别中的应用。首先，介绍了水声目标识别技术的研究现状及当前形势下面临的挑战。然后，对深度学习的网络结构原理及改进型进行了分析，并分别对深度学习在水声声信号识别领域和水声图像信号识别领域的应用现状做了阐述。最后，指出了由于受当前技术条件和水下复杂环境的制约，此方法尚且存在着不足之处。该方法为进一步优化深度学习算法、拓展深度学习技术应用范畴、提升水声目标识别效率提供了参考。  相似文献   

Base cation concentrations in forest litter and topsoil have different responses to climate and tree species along elevational gradients   总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1  

XUE Feng  ZHAO Ming-fei  WANG Yu-hang  KANG Mu-yi  XING Kai-xiong  WANG Guo-yi  SHI Jing-jing  CHEN Chen  JIANG Yuan 《山地科学学报》2019,(1)

The forest litter is an essential reservoir of nutrients in forests, supplying a large part of absorbable base cations(BC) to topsoil, and facilitating plant growth within litter-soil system. To characterize elevational patterns of base cation concentrations in the forest litter and topsoil, and explore the effects of climate and tree species, we measured microclimate and collected the forest litter and topsoil(0-10 cm) samples across an elevational range of more than 2000 m(1243 ～ 3316 m a.s.l.),and analyzed the concentrations of BC in laboratory. Results showed that: 1) litter Ca concentration displayed a hump-shaped pattern along the elevational gradients, but litter K and Mg showed saddle-shaped patterns. Soil Ca concentration increased with elevation, while soil K and Mg had no significant changes. 2) Ca concentration in the forest litter under aspen(Populus davidiana) was significantly higher than that in all other species, but in topsoil, Ca concentration was higher under coniferous larch and fir(Larix chinensis and Abies fargesii). Litter K and Mg concentrations was higher under coniferous larch and fir, whereas there were nosignificant differences among tree species in the concentrations of K and Mg in topsoil. 3) Climatic factors including mean annual temperature(MAT), growing season precipitation(GSP) and non-growing season precipitation(NGSP) determined BC concentrations in the forest litter and topsoil. Soil C/N and C/P also influenced BC cycling between litter and soil. Observation along elevations within different tree species implies that above-ground tree species can redistribute below-ground cations, and this process is profoundly impacted by climate. Litter and soil Ca, K and Mg with different responses to environmental variables depend on their soluble capacity and mobile ability.  相似文献   

Concurrent Determination of U‐Pb Age and REE Mass Fractions of Zircon by High Mass Resolution SIMS     

Yu Liu  Qiu‐Li Li  Guo‐Qiang Tang  Xian‐Hua Li 《Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research》2020,44(3):421-437

A combined geochronological and geochemical investigation for the same domain of zircon provides valuable information on timing and genesis, particularly in the case of multi‐growth metamorphic zircon. A high spatial resolution concurrent analytical method for zircon U‐Pb age and rare earth element content was successfully achieved in this study, using a multi‐collector secondary ion mass spectrometer (SIMS) at a ~ 8 μm diameter scale. Special instrument parameters were employed, including a high mass resolution of approximately 15000 applied to replace the previous energy filter method, and a dynamic multi‐collector mode used to reduce the measurement time to 18 min per analysis. Six zircon reference materials yielded precise and accurate ²⁰⁶Pb/²³⁸U ages, which are comparable to those obtained by the ordinary mono‐collector method, but with 2–3 times higher spatial resolution. All zircon grains measured in this study showed enriched heavy‐REE (HREE) contents consistent with previously reported values determined by LA and solution ICP‐MS methods. The light‐REE (LREE) mass fractions measured using both SIMS and LA‐ICP‐MS methods in this study, although with quite different volume, show consistent results within uncertainties.  相似文献   

青海德令哈蓄集银铅矿床地质与S-Pb同位素组成及其成矿学意义     

陈敏  薛春纪  赵文涛  薛万文  谷强 《岩石矿物学杂志》2020,39(4):454-468

蓄集矿床是宗务隆构造带内发现的重要银铅矿床。蓄集银铅矿床赋存于石炭-二叠系宗务隆群果可山组灰岩夹千枚岩地层中,矿体呈脉状、透镜状、似层状,明显受近东西走向的断裂构造控制,矿体围岩蚀变主要为硅化和绢云母化,矿石矿物主要为方铅矿和银黝铜矿,脉石矿物主要为石英,矿石具有斑杂状和网脉状构造。对该矿床开展了S-Pb同位素组成分析。硫同位素分析结果表明矿石中硫化物矿物δ~(34)S值变化于5.0‰～8.4‰之间,显示硫主要为岩浆来源,有少量地层的贡献;铅同位素分析结果表明,矿石~(206)Pb/~(204) Pb=17.896～17.922,~(207)Pb/~(204) Pb=15.589～15.617,~(208) Pb/~(204) Pb=38.072～38.166,与围岩铅同位素组成(~(206) Pb/~(204) Pb=17.94～18.976,~(207)Pb/~(204) Pb=15.600～15.696,~(208) Pb/~(204) Pb=38.106～40.943)较为相似,而与蓄集峡口闪长岩铅同位素组成(~(206) Pb/~(204) Pb=18.144～18.589,~(207)Pb/~(204) Pb=15.623～15.636,~(208)Pb/~(204) Pb=38.790～39.033)相差较大,反映成矿物质主要来自围岩地层宗务隆群果可山组。综合分析认为,蓄集银铅矿床与宗务隆构造带晚二叠世岩浆活动关系密切,应属岩浆热液为主的热液充填-交代成因类型。  相似文献   

新一代电子航海图面图案结构的SVG表达     

陈长林  贾俊涛  鲁强 《海洋测绘》2019,39(5):56-60

针对电子航海图现行符号标准S-52难以利用和扩展的问题,分析研究了S-52标准中面图案的结构表达方法,提出了两种新方案:一是基于SVG的电子航海图面图案结构表达方法,二是基于SVG与XML参数的电子航海图面图案结构表达方法。最后,按照第二种方案,实现了S-52面图案的重构和转换,构建了完整的电子航海图面图案符号集合。  相似文献   

大深度潜航器水下空间运动建模与仿真     

乔冰  刘鑫  袁龙 《数字海洋与水下攻防》2020,3(1):65-70

分析大深度潜航器水下空间运动特点，建立描述其空间运动的数学模型，并以数学模型为基础利用 MATLAB\Simulink 软件完成潜航器空间运动仿真模型的开发。在搭建的仿真模型基础上，通过数学仿真手段分析了潜航器在螺旋下潜、抛载过渡、定角爬升、稳定至水面航行状态下的水下运动全过程，给出了具有弧形翼板的潜航器外形设计方案的运动能力仿真评估，为后续潜航器运动能力优化设计提供仿真依据。  相似文献   

北京十三陵地区青白口系长龙山组含铁建造的发育特征及成因^*          下载免费PDF全文

张琴  王柏寒  周琛  孙祖宇  梅啸寒  原成帅  王凯 《古地理学报》2020,22(3):570-586

含铁建造在整个前寒武纪的地质记录中分布广泛,但针对华北地区青白口系长龙山组出露的含铁建造目前还没有报道。文中通过野外观察及室内XRD、SEM、ICP-MS等手段,对北京十三陵地区出露的长龙山组含铁建造的分布规律、矿物组成、成矿物质来源等开展研究,并探讨含铁建造的成因机制。结果表明,含铁建造的铁质主要为赤铁矿,与石英、海绿石等矿物伴生。含铁建造存在2种分布模式: Ⅰ型含铁建造,与海绿石伴生,产出厚度变化大(1~50 cm),偏光显微镜下海绿石砂岩和铁质条带呈互层状产出,赤铁矿具近球形结构;Ⅱ型含铁建造,无海绿石伴生,产出厚度相对较大(一般大于10 cm),镜下见黑色的富铁层夹碎屑石英透镜体,赤铁矿常发育针状或雪花状结构。依据构造演化和微量元素分析,认为含铁建造的铁质来源主要为下马岭组顶部的铁质风化壳。Ⅰ型含铁建造为化学胶体沉淀与海绿石风化的混合成因;Ⅱ型含铁建造主要属于胶体化学沉积成因,后期可能经受了糜棱化改造作用。这一结论为华北地区前寒武纪含铁建造的找矿提供了沉积地质依据,对于完善含铁建造成矿机理及华北地区元古代构造演化具有重要的意义。  相似文献